Gender Socialization - 1694 Words

Gender Socialization Sociology 100 Before a newborn child takes his or her first breath of life outside the mother s womb, he or she is distinguishable and characterized by gender. A baby is born and the doctor looks at the proud parents or parent and says three simple words: Its a boy, or Its a girl The baby is brought home and dressed in clothes that help friends, family and even strangers identify the sex of the child. Baby boys are dressed in blue and baby girls are dressed in pink. The baby boy may be dressed in a blue jumpsuit with a football or a baseball glove on it. The baby girl may wear a bow in their hair and flowered pajamas. As the boy begins to grow, he is given a miniature basketball and a hoop to play with.†¦show more content†¦Another aspect of everyday life that is highly influential in gender socialization is the media. What we see on television or at the movies, what we read in the newspaper or in magazines, what we see on billboards or hear on the radio are all very significant on how we form a opinion on gender identity. Media publishers have very successfully learned to play to an audience and are extremely successful in communicating with the audience they wish to reach. Advertisers are the biggest example of this concept. Society is very apt in recognizing images seen in commercials and printed ads and viewing them as socially acceptable behavior. For example, beer companies will target the twenty to thirty year old male audiences and include scantily clad women enjoying their favorite beers. Ironically, popular women magazines also use beautiful women to promote cosmetics and beauty products. Both examples show the exploitation of female images in society. It is this societal ignorance that clouds the mind and allows the images to continue to influence what we believe to be socially acceptable. And when society is presented with something or someone out of the ordinary, which doesn t follow what we deem to be correct, we rebel and try to modify it to our socia lly acceptable standards. Imagine a baby born with no visible sex organs. Now imagine after some tests that there are no internal or externalShow MoreRelatedGender Socialization And Gender Roles998 Words   |  4 Pagesattention to the gender equality issues many societies face. Is this increased awareness helping towards a neutral gendered socialization process which will inevitably eliminate the inequality? Gender socialization is the process where an individual is impacted by agents of socialization through their life stages which consequently creates the gender roles we see in today’s society. The only way to start working towards a gender equal world is by making changes towards the gender socialization process. GenderRead MoreAgents Of Socialization : My Family, Culture, And Gender861 Words   |  4 PagesSome agents of socialization that have had the greatest effect on me would be my family, culture, and gender. To begin with, culture has had a big effect on me in the sense that I am the complete contrary as my family members. It has affected me in a negative way since according to my family members, I do not act in a way that a Mexican person should. Since I am a vegetarian, my family often times accuse me of not being Mexican enough due to the fact that Mexican culture revolves around its foodsRead MoreGender Socialization : The Princess And The Frog920 Words   |  4 PagesGender socialization takes place in our everyday lives whether we subconsciously know it or not. Gender socialization is the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each gender. For example, If I were to say it takes my friend at least 45 minutes to do their hair before school everyda y, you would assume I am speaking about a friend who is a female as opposed to a friend who is male. This is because of the idea of gender socialization. As I stated earlier, gender socializationRead MoreGender Socialization : Gender And Gender1040 Words   |  5 PagesWomen Studies 9 online Oct 8, 2015 Gender Socialization Gender, according to Lorber, is the product of a range of social forces that influence our gender construction through a system of reward and punishment. throughout my life, I have been taught to be a women by family and through society, all that at some point supported the goals I had for myself or created obstacles by challenging my own ideas of what meant to be a strong women. Gender socialization is the process by which individualsRead MoreGender Socialization Is The Aspect Of Socialization1492 Words   |  6 PagesGender socialization plays a part in pay gap within societies and America today. Gender socialization instills thoughts, behaviors, and attitudes into individuals throughout the lifespan. As a result, the outcomes of gender socialization, not only, prepares society for pay gap, but also prepares individuals to implement a gap in pay in relation to gender throughout societies. The discussion that ensues explains gender socialization and the impacts this has on, both, individuals and society in generalRead Moregender socialization992 Words   |  4 Pages Gender: Forced Upon American Society Growing up, many Americans childhood consisted of playing tag outside, having cooties, and experimenting with as many toys as possible. Hundreds of thousands of toys flood kid stores such as Toys R Us, Baby Depot, and KB toys. With imagination, kids are able to become doctors, presidents, and princesses during the contents of one day. Television shows such as Barney or Blues Clues encourage having such imagination, thus inspiring kids to want to becomeRead MoreGender : Sex And Gender Socialization992 Words   |  4 Pages Sex and Gender Socialization Before we learned this chapter, I didn t know that sex and gender are different to each other, all I know is that gender and sex have the same meaning which referred to male and female. Recently, I just learned the difference between sex and gender, which is sex is like our biological difference which what makes people male and female, while gender is what the society reinforces a person to be based on their expectations and behaviors of being a male and femaleRead MoreGender Socialization Essays1293 Words   |  6 PagesGender Socialization A baby is born and the doctor looks at the proud parents and says three simple words: Its a boy, or Its a girl! Before a newborn child even takes his or her first breath of life outside the mothers womb, he or she is distinguished and characterized by gender. The baby is brought home and dressed in clothes that help others identify the sex of the child. Baby boys are dressed in blue and baby girls are dressed in pink. The baby boy may be dressed in a blue shirtRead MoreGender Socialization And Gender Roles999 Words   |  4 PagesEarly gender socialization is perhaps one of the most relevant issues and debates of early childhood. The beginnings of stereotypes for gender roles are typically established at birth, and continue a process of learning specific cultural roles and standards in accordance with the sex of the individual. Gendered interactions begin early in the family and hence influence the process of gendered socialization, as was such the case for myself growing up. Socialization comes from a number of sources:Read MoreEssay On Gender Socialization1574 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Socialization and Children’s Retail Children are known for absorbing information from the world around them. Therefore, what children are exposed to while they are growing is important, as they learn a lot from the world around them. In this paper, the process of gender socialization will be discussed and examined. In specific, how retail marketed for young children may have an effect on their development, especially as they distinguish gender. Socialization is general the process

Cyber Crimes And Financial Institutions - 1857 Words

With the creation of the Internet came a whole new list of crimes targeting U.S. Banks and Financial Institutions. Crimes involving phishing, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), and Malware to name a few are becoming more advanced and widespread on a global scale. The motivations behind these cyber-crimes are the safety of hiding behind a computer, can easily be conducted without being an expert at hacking, and profitability for the perpetrators is worth the risk (Singleton, T., Singleton, A., and Gottlieb, 2006). The data demonstrated that cyber-crimes targeting banks and financial institutions have overtaken the traditional bank robbery or bank fraud (Lesk, 2011; Holt Lampke, 2010). An analysis of the literature confirms that the U.S. economy is negatively affected by the cyber-hacking of U.S. banks and financial institutions, through monetary losses, and stock market loses. The literature acknowledges that banks and financial institutions are under a constant barrage of various forms of cyber-attacks in order electronically steal money, account credentials or create new fraudulent accounts. Lastly the literature reports that banks and financial institutions underreport or do not disclose the impact of cyber-crimes, and offers a few theories about why there is a lack of disclosure or no disclosure at all. Types of Cyber Attacks Targeting U.S. Banks and Financial Institutions U.S. banks, financial institutions and their customers are targeted by many forms ofShow MoreRelatedPolicy Memo For White Collar Crimes1573 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem. Big financial institutions are difficult to prosecute in white-collar crimes because of their influence. Write two (2) sentences that describe the problem in greater detail (what are the effects of the problem?) The Holder Doctrine, which comes from a memo created in 1999, has been the reason behind a lack of criminal prosecution against big companies that were part of the reason of the United States financial setback in 2008. Because of this much of the fraud that led to the financial crisisRead MoreCyber Espionage Attacks And Cyber Attacks1662 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Espionage Attacks This kind of attacks differ from other types of cyber-attacks as they have a different source from where the actual attack comes from, which is mainly from within the organization that is being attacked. It may be the most difficult type of attack in which organizations are able to defend themselves from, for example if the attack is emanating from an individual that holds a high rank within the company. Taking an example of the United States where the government has a processRead MoreThe Attack On Kaspersky Lab1091 Words   |  5 Pagesmulti-bank cyber heist which was discovered by Kaspersky Lab. According to the report, the hackers infiltrated banks’ network system using tactics such as phishing to gain access to sensitive data which was used to siphon money from banks. It was reported that, the cybercriminal ring, known as Carbanak, siphoned more than $1 billion from banks around the world (Kuranda). According to other sources, the criminals were not arrested and there were reports of attempted attacked to other financial institutionRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On Our Daily Lives1540 Words   |  7 Pagesserious threats. Since then essential services in most of the countries have operated via the ICT platform, attacks are prone to happen since there is a loophole of threat creation. Introduction What is cybercrime? Generally cybercrime refers to crime that is conducted via the internet portal or with the use of another computer network. Criminal activities that may be categorized as cybercrime may include, hacking, fraud, Credit card account theft among others. The American Department of JusticeRead MoreCom176 outline and thesis statement1246 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancement in technology are increasingly rising; however, our development of laws, law enforcement resources, and training to combat cyber crimes are inadequate. Outline: I. Introduction Societies dependence and advancement in technology are increasingly rising; however, our development of laws, law enforcement resources, and training to combat cyber crimes are inadequate. Technology changes at very fast rate, before you know it the processors and programs we are currently using quicklyRead MoreA Report On Suntrust Bank1671 Words   |  7 Pages SunTrust Bank is one of the nation s largest financial institutions established in 1891and has it s headquarter stationed in Atlanta Georgia. The bank offers a wide range of financial services from personal checking, mortgages, credit cards, investments and loans to consumers, businesses, commercial and corporate firms and has several branches and ATM across parts of the country but mainly in the Southern States like Georgia, Maryland, Washington D.C and Virginia. During the fiscal year inRead MoreThe Patriot Act Title Vii Section 814 And 8161429 Words   |  6 PagesSection 814 and 816. These sections of the Patriot Act protects the citizens of The United States from the world’s newest form of terror; Cyber-Terrorism. The aim is to explain this law, its adequacies, and inadequacies in detail and t o offer suggestions and solutions for its shortcomings. Commission of Cyber Terrorism In 2013, a man, investigators named the â€Å"Sexual Cyber Terrorist† extorted over 350 women by hacking into their email accounts and baiting them into giving him nude photos. If the women didRead MoreCyber Incident Response Plan For Cyber Attack1136 Words   |  5 Pagesattack. We should write a well-developed cyber incident response plan that includes all the protocols to responses. Our plan should generally have these following components, such as response team, reporting, initial response, investigation, recovery and follow up, public relations, and law enforcement. The job of the response team is to develop cyber incident response plan and for investing and responding to cyber attack. They will identify and classify cyber attack sceneries, and figuring out whatRead MoreCyber Security And The Banking Industry1029 Words   |  5 PagesEric Frain Term Paper Financial Markets/ Institutions Cyber security in the Banking Industry In this day and age where technology has become more common, there has been problems developing over cyber security. According to Cybersecurity Report 2016, â€Å"Cybercrime has jumped to the second most reported economic crime PWC’s Global Economic Crime Survey and financial institutions are the prime target† (p.1). Financial institutions need answers to how the hackers find the weaknesses in their systemsRead MoreThe Four Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesthis writing assignment, I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in combating computer crime. First, we will define the four major categories of computer crimes. -The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred to

Marketing Management Analysis

Questions: Your task is to prepare a report containing information that may be used for a marketing plan.Identify one product/service from your own business or from another business with which you are familiar. In your report you should include: The current marketing situation with background data on the market segments, product, competition, and distribution. Keep this discussion brief. Market analysis through a SWOT analysis. Make sure to discuss the SWOT analysis adequately. Objectives with goals for sales volume, market share and profit. These goals should be realistic but may have to be somewhat hypothetical because of the lack of time and absence of market research to provide better ones. Marketing strategies with details of the 4Ps (i.e. Product, Place, Price, Promotion). Answers: Introduction: Marc Tarpenning and Martin Eberhard founded the company Tesla in the year 2003. Once the company went public in the year 2010, the revenue generated has increased by 2.44 billion dollars and thus the profit amounted to 456.26 million dollars. The name of the company Tesla was due to Nikola Tesla who was the creator of induction motor and alternating current power. The company could manufacture quality products due to the brilliance by Nikola Tesla (teslamotors.com 2016). The company Tesla is into the manufacturing of eco friendly stylish cars, which was driven by electricity. The company Tesla is going to enter the Australian market in the coming year and wants to increase their sales of the cars and more specifically their new launch i.e. Model 3 into the market. Market Segment: The products of Tesla Motors are more demanded by male population. The Roadster Model is more preferred by the upper class business executives, as they like to travel in luxury cars. These types of cars are not designed for the common person, as the down payment is 100000 dollars. The main reason for the marketing manager to enter the market of Australia is due to the demand electricity based cars as people are trying to get more eco friendly and they are also tech savvy (Hutt and Speh 2013) . The Model 3 was priced in Australia as 40k dollars (Chernev 2012). The company Tesla to increase their future marketing in Australia is trying to reach out for more number of customers. The target for the company is the youth of the country Australia. The age groups of these are early 20s to mid 40s (Hollensen 2012). This type of adults they belong to the middle class. The company is trying to increase their capacity, as there is a more demand for such luxury cars. The target market is the young professionals who are looking for the luxury cars at an affordable rate. When the cars are priced at 30000 dollars it shows that, many of the people are not willing to purchase as that was not affordable. This was reflected in the NADA Data. The company is trying to bring out the best in the entry level luxury car so that it helps in providing added benefit. The electric cars are generally thought to perform much lesser than that of the fuel enabled cars but Teslas electric cars has also shown remarkable performance. The young buyers they were not attracted towards the electric cars as it did not provide design and performance like that of the fuel-based cars. The company Tesla Motors want to enter the Australian market and change their mentality towards electricity enabled cars. The lower the price quoted for the new car there will be more customers for its products. There will be a huge rise in the sales as the customers they are looking out for the entry-level luxury cars (Jolibert 2012). The electric cars are preferred as there are no emissions. Moreover, the customers they longer have to rely on the fuel as a result the customers will be able to save money. Product: The company Tesla motors sells luxury cars under its name. The car which is the top seller is Model S. The models that are equally demand like that of Model S is the Model X and Roadster. The company is trying to launch their latest model i.e. Model 3 in the market of Australia in the coming year (teslamotors.com 2016). Competition and Distribution: There are mainly four types of competitors in Australian market: General Motors Toyota This company is a major threat for Tesla as GM is renowned for its expertise and luxury cars, The Company Tesla has so decided to enter the luxury market through the offering of cars price at 30000 dollars (Clow and Baack, 2012). The electric car market is yet to be intervened by the company GM but it has introduced model Volt that was not a fully electric based car. The feature of the car would be including battery that would help in running for 40 miles before there is a recharge by 1.0L turbo gas charged. This would make the Volt to run for 640 miles on the high way (Kotler and Keller 2012). The company is already running hybrid cars but there is strong determination that it would be entering into the electric vehicle markets The company is based in Japan but it would be entering into the economy of Australia so that it can make the hybrid market more famous (Glynn and Woodside 2012). Prius is a hybrid car offered by Toyota, which offers home charging station and battery pack. Prius model is fully electric based. The above design by Toyota will lead company Tesla to offer electric sedan at different prices. BMW Daimler AD The major competitors of Tesla is BMW as the company is focusing on the entry of the luxury , high performance, lower emission and lower consumption of electricity based cars in the market. There will be electric cars available in the market at a more competitive rate, which is a major challenge for Tesla Motors. The company BMW has come up with the electric vehicle called the i3 so that there is individual mobility The model that is made by the BMW will be having their own type electric motors. The company has brought into the market the Mercedez Benz B class which would soon be in sale in the Australian market The charging of the system of B class will be done by SLS AMG Coupe E cell (Keegan and Green 2013). SWOT Analysis: Strength Weakness The focus is on investing on technology of the company The company Tesla adopts a lean management process Strategic relationship with the competitors The company faces the problem of liquidity. Shortage in the manufacturing of lithium batteries Lack of modern expertise Opportunity Threat Increased sale as there is a demand for eco friendly cars Government subsidy on production Competitors selling similar products at lower price Competitors coming up with hydrogen enabled vehicles. SWOT in detail: Strength: The cost will be kept low through the secondary component and the focus should be centered on the technological development. This would help in establishing a strong department of Rand D. The system of management for the company Tesla motors is lean which helps in reducing the cost of operation and the workers they work in the cheap and small-decorated offices. This helps in reducing complexity and encourages more trust between the employees and the manager. In order to provide benefit to each, there is a strategic relationship established by the company Tesla Motors with the companies like Panasonic, Toyota Motors and Daimler. Weakness: The company Tesla Motors faces a strong liquidity problem. The company had a huge sales in the year 2013 for Model S still there was loss of amount 70 million dollars as a result there was a large amount of debt , higher cost of operation and slow demand from the client. The capacity of manufacturing is very limited and this is a setback for the company to meet the demand of the future customers. The batter cells based on lithium is also short in supply (Philip Kotler et al. 2013) The company is a not a renowned company like that of the Ford or GM. The expertise is still not efficient enough for the company and need proper enhancement. Opportunity: The significant change involves propagating the benefits of the use of electric cars and their environmental benefits.Since electric cars are environmental friendly so the government is encouraging more amount of subsidies so that the company is able to grow and attract new customers. Threat: There are innumerable sellers of electric cars in the market who sells cars at a much affordable rate. This has led to immense competition for the company Tesla Motors. The competitors they are trying to base their vehicles through the energy use like the hydrogen-powered vehicles that gives the same level of performance. Objectives with sales volume, profit and market share: There is a great demand for the electric cars in the Australian market. With the development in the technology, there are more charging stations and batteries developed. Since there is rise in the price of the petroleum product , there is more demand for the electric or the hybrid vehicles. The electric cars generally do not appeal people easily so there is a need for the marketing technique. The company Tesla Motors in the coming 2016-2017 wants to increase the market share of electric vehicles. The company would try and capture more than 20% of the market in Australia. The objective of the volume of sales is approximately 50000 to 100000 cars. The expected profit is likely to be 316079033 in the year 2016 while it would rise by 516320752 in the year 2017. Marketing Strategies: The marketing strategy of Tesla would involve product, price, place and promotion of the Model 3. All these are interrelated for an effective marketing strategy. Marketing strategy is important to achieve the targeted sales. The use of the marketing strategy will help in creating the product that will help in making of profit (Farrington 2012). The marketing strategy takes into account the market place research through the consideration of the targeted customers. The strategy adopted for marketing will help in deciding the correct price for the product as per the market research (Lee and Carter 2012). Since Tesla is targeting the youth generation of Australia so there is a need for the price to be quoted reasonably. Marketing is maximized when the target customer, product and the price is set perfectly. Sales of the product will be maximized when the company Tesla incorporates promotional techniques. Thus, the 4 Ps of marketing as per marketing strategy of Tesla are as follows: Product: The Company Tesla Motors is coming up with the Model 3, which is an electric vehicle that is designed for the younger generation in the Australian market. The main reason for electric vehicles is less demanded by the youths. Place: The Company to market its product has selected some of the important cities like Perth, Melbourne Canberra and Sydney. Price: The Company Tesla Motors in Australia will charge at 40000 dollars, which after a rebate tax would lower the price to around 32500 dollars. Promotion: The company Tesla Motors wants to increase the market share of electric vehicles in the Australian market. In order to fulfill that objective the communication channels that it can adopt. Loyalty Programs: The company Tesla Motors ensures that they are going to be comfortable and safe in the vehicles. The companys loyalty programs will help the family of the customers to enjoy some added benefits from the purchase of the car. With special promotion, the premium customers of Tesla would be purchasing another car for their family for which they could avail a large discount, free service for car and after sales services within the validity of the promotional package (Mooradian, Matzler and Ring, 2012). The promotion will be valid for a period of four years with the maximum benefit. Test Drive campaigns: Test drive will help in creating brand awareness and the genuine purchasers can test the car before they actually purchase the car (Sethna, Jones and Harrigan, 2013).There will be test drive campaigns in all the targeted cities of Australia. The cities that are targeted are Perth, Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney. It is expected that there would be 50% of sales in these selected cities. The teams who are promoting the brand throughout the campaign will be provided with lodging and food. Websites and Social Media: The company website of Tesla Motors will help in the advertising of the new car that being launched by the company. The details of the new car need to be promoted through the website of the company. The website is the place where more number of customers would be visiting for knowing about the new brand (Penaloza, Toulouse and Visconti, 2012).The social media forum would be used for the purpose of promotion of the events outdoors (Clow and Baack 2012). The maximum exposure or effect of a promotion will be made when it is shown on the home page Advertising through Google: Google Ad words can be used for advertising of the product of Tesla Motors in the Australian market. The advertising will be targeted towards electric and the hybrid cars. Advertisement would be made through the pay per click model (Belch and Belch 2012). Media: The use of the newspaper is the traditional method through which the targeted population can be made aware (Peter and Donnelly 2013). The local newspapers of Australia are The Guardian, Sydney Morning Herald and The Australian. There will be advertisement given on the front page in black and white or colored advertisements (Anderson 2012). Recommendation: Global marketing is in this scenario is indeed a great concept. The leveraging of the marketing strategy across a number of markets is quite beneficial. This will help in higher degree of consistency and saves the resources and the efforts. There is a need for the clarification the things that is to be considered globally and that which is managed locally. The local aspects are present in the global marketing approach . It must be noted that they are complementary The marketing area that help in leading into global level is marketing planning , budgeting , branding , creating market campaigns and global PR. Local marketing involves local social media , partnerships and Tesla Motors should select marketing strategy as per it. The global concept of marketing is much different to the local markets as there are cultural differences across the countries. There is a need for Tesla Motors to understand the local market and develop a close relationship with the local team for marketing. The campaigns in case of marketing needs to managed like an army operation. There is a need for appointing a global campaign manager who would be responsible for delivering results. Effective communication is very important for running a campaign, as this will help company Tesla Motors to establish a relationship with the customers. Conclusion: The Australian market of electric vehicles is highly competitive s o the company Tesla Motors needs to adopt the necessary marketing strategy for overcoming the barriers. The renowned manufacturers like BMW, Ford, General Motors and Mercedes dominate the electric vehicles market. The company Tesla Motors is a startup company Australia but the sound technology and innovation it is likely that it is also going to come in par with the other major competitors. The customers are eyeing for this product, as they are interested in purchasing affordable luxury cars, which is environment friendly. The company Tesla Motors needs to know about the internal and the external market of Australia to become a leading company in the Australia electronic vehicle car market. References: Anderson, D. (2012).Strategic marketing planning for the small to medium-sized business. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Belch, G. and Belch, M. (2012).Advertising and promotion. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Chernev, A. (2012).Strategic marketing management. [Chicago, Ill.]: Cerebellum Press. Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2012).Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2012).Integrated advertising, promotion, and marketing communications. Boston: Prentice Hall. Farrington, A. (2012).Promotional Media and Promotional Content in Marketing. New Delhi: World Technologies. Glynn, M. and Woodside, A. (2012).Business-to-business marketing management. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Hollensen, S. (2012).Essentials of global marketing. Harlow: Pearson. Hutt, M. and Speh, T. (2013).Business marketing management. Australia: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Jolibert, A. (2012).Marketing management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Keegan, W. and Green, M. (2013).Global marketing. Boston: Pearson. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lee, K. and Carter, S. (2012).Global marketing management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mooradian, T., Matzler, K. and Ring, L. (2012).Strategic marketing. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Penaloza, L., Toulouse, N. and Visconti, L. (2012).Marketing management. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. (2013).A preface to marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. (2013).Marketing management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Philip Kotler, P., Keller, K., Swee Hoon Ang, S., Leong, S. and Tan, C. (2013).Marketing Management: an Asian Perspective. 6th ed. Pearson.

Thesis for health disparities free essay sample

Disparities in Mental Health Care with Regards to Racial and Ethnic Cofactors There are many significant differences among racial and ethnic groups pertaining to mental health and mental health services. Via this topic, disparities among racial and ethnic groups have arisen and been studied and researched in magnitude. Mental health disparities among racial and ethnic groups can be attributed, but not limited to: access to health care, quality of care received, and the cost variances of mental health services among differing racial and ethnic groups. Research and data statistics have been obtained that focus on the underlying factors contributing to the disparities of each of these key points. Access to health care, quality of care, and cost variances among ethnicities will be discussed in depth independently. Laterally, emphasis will also been placed on preventative measures that may be implemented in order to lessen the gap in mental health care outcomes between different socioeconomic groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis for health disparities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Mental Health Services. Through ample studies and research, it has been concluded that there are indeed significant differences in mental health services among racial and ethnic groups. But where do the variances originate? Many factors influence the disparities of racial and ethnic mental health care, and equality can be significantly obscured from the very beginning of the spectrum. Cook, McGuire, and Miranda (2007) conducted a study based on the Institute of Medicine definition of racial-ethnic disparities. Data was obtained from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. Trends in data were examined over 2000-2001 and 2003-2004 and compared respectively. One point of interest in this study was the measurements of any mental health visit made by African Americans, Hispanics, and white Americans over these two specific trend periods. These data revealed a descending trend in the mental health care access amongst African-American-white and Hispanic-white populations over the studied time periods. It can be inferred that the overall mental health system provides less care/access of care to minority African-Americans and Hispanics than it offers to whites. An additional study by Howell (2008) examined disparities in treatment seeking among ethnicities, more specifically emphasizing the differences in youth in rural and urban areas. The research in this particular study signifies that there are marginal differences in the receipt of mental health care among racial minority groups and their counterparts. Hispanic and black children proved to receive less mental health services than their white youth counterparts in urban areas. Further, the disparity is parallel in Hispanic children in rural areas. It is suggested by this study that the recognition of disparities among minority youth is essential to correcting the issue. Howell proposes that parents, teachers, and other community members should implicate methods to push for equalization of mental health services in both rural and urban areas. According to Solway, Estes, Goldberg, and Berry (2010), access of mental health treatment is directly related to factors other than simply incompetency or lack of uniformity across the health services spectrum. This study takes a look at racial and ethnic disparities in a group of older, racially diverse adults and their relative mental health accessibility. In the compiled list of explanations for accessibility, Solway et al. (2010) state that for some older generations in various ethnicities, accessibility is an option. The older people of some ethnic groups view mental health detriments as a norm that comes along with old age. Due to the â€Å"normality† of mental degeneration and aging, they look to family members for support and rely on traditions such as home remedies and osteopathic-type therapies as opposed to seeking professional treatment and prescribed medication. Because some ethnicities’ elderly populations use this tactic, there is lower demand for mental health professionals, thus a smaller supply. This article describes accessibility of mental care as an â€Å"option† rather than a deficit of adequate mental health care providers. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Utilization of Mental Health Care One of the key factors that contribute to the disparities of mental health care among racial and ethnic groups is the differing percentages within populations that actually seek and utilize mental health services with respect to each group. Furthermore, there are specific motives that cause an individual or group of individuals to seek mental health treatment or, alternatively, decide against it. Shim, Compton, Rust, Druss, and Kaslow (2009) constructed a study that observed data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Their findings accentuated the decisions of racial and ethnic groups on whether or not to seek mental health care based on attitudes and perspectives of mental care. The study compared minority groups to non-Hispanic whites and the rates at which each group sought treatment. Shim et al. (2009) proved that race-ethnicity was a contributing factor to attitudes towards seeking mental treatment. It was concluded that African-Americans, Hispanics, and Latinos had a more positive attitude and greater willingness towards seeking mental health services, and therefore obtained a greater amount of care with respect to non-Hispanic whites. Coinciding, the same minority groups had lesser reported embarrassment of seeking treatment. Alvidrez, Shumway, Morazes, and Boccellari (2011) provide results of a study they conducted explicitly on females seeking mental treatment following sexual assault victimization. The study examined a sample group of 104 women of white, black, Latin, or other ethnicities that had been sexually assaulted. The focus was turned to women who pursued mental health treatment (offered free of charge) after they had been a victim of sexual assault. The conclusions of this research draw to the fact that even though all ethnic groups sampled were equal in terms of needing mental health attention after such a tragic event, black women were less likely to follow up their assault with mental care than white women. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment and Quality of Mental Health Care Two key areas thus far have been the general foci of racial disparities in mental illness treatment; accessibility and utilization. Perhaps the subject matter that contributes to the most substantial differences in mental health services among race is the actual treatment itself; the inconsistencies in quality of care by the provider. Data obtained from the National Comorbidity Survey from 1990-2003 exposes greater disparities in mental health care quality pertaining to ethnic minority groups relative to whites (Ault-Brutus, 2012). A large part of these said disparities can be paid due to bias. Bias is pinpointed to be the main source of detriment in areas such as questionable diagnostic practices and limited provisions of optimum treatments. A particular article written by Snowden (2003) describes bias in health care, the different levels it is derived from; practitioners, practice networks, and communities, and how it negatively effects certain ethnic groups. He claims that one possibility for the intrusion of bias into mental health care services occurs when â€Å"†¦practitioners and mental health program administrators make unwarranted judgments about people on the basis of race or ethnicity. In a strict sense, it is these unwarranted views, reactions to a person ‘on the basis of perceived membership in a single human category, ignoring other category memberships and other personal attributes,’ that constitute bias†. Further elaborating on this view, McGuire and Miranda (2008) say that if a mental health practitioner exhibits some bias towards an individual of a certain ethnicity they impose discriminatory actions by exerting less effort in diagnosis and treatment. Their inappropriate expectations lead to inappropriate decisions and actions. Ault-Brutus (2012) suggests that more specified programs and policies should be implemented in order to increase mental health care quality among individuals from racial-ethnic minorities. Conclusion: Preventative Measures to Eliminate Disparities among Races and Ethnicities in Mental Health Care It is apparent that there are several underlying factors contributing to the disparities in mental health care among differing racial-ethnic groups. Accessibility to mental health care can attribute to the varying levels of health care received between minority and majority groups. The utilization or perceived usefulness of mental health treatment can also contribute to higher or lower levels of mental health care. Where some ethnic groups see it necessary that mental help be easily attainable, others see it as a trivial service to their own home remedies, traditions, and family support systems. Lastly, and arguably the most significant factor in racial disparities, quality of care administered to patients of different ethnicities can skew the equality substantially. So how do we go about lessening the gap between health services received by minority groups versus majority groups? One way is to make sure that the physicians administering professional treatment are aware of the present disparities and that they are making a conscious effort to eliminate negative attitudes geared towards any one racial or ethnic group when performing treatment. In a study by Mallinger and Lambert (2010), 374 random psychiatrists were pulled for observation and questioning on this particular topic. Most of the studied psychiatrists stated that they were either completely unaware or hardly familiar with the topic of mental health care disparities among racial groups. Other tactics of closing the gap between racial and ethnic groups in regards to mental health care could be to implement plans that target minority groups and publicize the issue of inequality in health services to minority groups. A standard could be set and monitored by government ran agencies that equalize mental health services across the board. Peng (2009) suggests that â€Å"†¦interventions in the form of, for example, policies to eliminate institutional forms of discrimination, to improve economic conditions for poverty or low income groups or, at the local level, to build community capital within minority neighborhoods with the aim of fostering health† are some starting points for creating equality among mental health care in all ethnicities. Mental health disparities among racial and ethnic groups are an obvious concern that can negatively affect many groups across the map. It should be the role of the community to take preventative action to impose equality in health care for all.

Display a TopMost System Modal Message Box With Delphi

Display a TopMost System Modal Message Box With Delphi With desktop (Windows) applications, a message (dialog) box is used to alert the user of the application that some action needs to be taken, that some operation was completed or, in general, to get users attention. In Delphi, there are several ways of displaying a message to the user. You can either use any of the ready-made message displaying routines provided in the RTL, like  ShowMessage or InputBox; or you can create your own dialog box (for reuse): CreateMessageDialog. A common problem with all the above dialog boxes is that they require the application to be active to be displayed to the user. Active refers to when your application has the input focus. If you really want to grab the users attention and stop them from doing anything else, you need to be able to display a system-modal topmost message box even when your application is not active. System-Modal Top Most Message Box Even though this might sound complicated, in actuality it really is not. Since Delphi can easily access most of the Windows API calls, executing the MessageBox Windows API function will do the trick. Defined in the windows.pas unit the one included by default in the uses clause of every Delphi form, the MessageBox function creates, displays, and operates a message box. The message box contains an application-defined message and title, along with any combination of predefined icons and push buttons. Heres how the MessageBox is declared: function MessageBox(  Ã‚  hWnd: HWND;  Ã‚  lpText,  Ã‚  lpCaption : PAnsiChar;  Ã‚  uType : Cardinal) : integer; The first parameter, hwnd, is the handle of the owner window of the message box to be created. if you create a message box while a dialog box is present, use a handle to the dialog box as the hWnd parameter. The lpText and lpCaption specify the caption and the message text that is displayed in the message box. Last is the uType parameter  and is the most interesting. This parameter specifies the contents and behavior of the dialog box. This parameter can be a combination of various flags. Example: System Modal Warning Box When the System Date/Time Changes Lets take a look at an example of creating a system modal topmost message box. Youll  handle the Windows message that is dispatched to all the running applications when the system date/time changes- for example using the Date and Time Properties Control Panel applet. The MessageBox function will be called as:   Ã‚  Windows.MessageBox(   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  handle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a system modal message#13#10from an inactive application,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A message from an inactive application!,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MB_SYSTEMMODAL or MB_SETFOREGROUND or MB_TOPMOST or MB_ICONHAND) ; The most important piece is the last parameter. The MB_SYSTEMMODAL or MB_SETFOREGROUND or MB_TOPMOST ensures the message box is system modal, top most and becomes the foreground window. MB_SYSTEMMODAL flag ensures that the user must respond to the message box before continuing work in the window identified by the hWnd parameter.MB_TOPMOST flag specifies that the message box should be placed above all non-topmost windows and should stay above them, even when the window is deactivated.MB_SETFOREGROUND flag ensures that the message box becomes the foreground window. Here is the full example code (TForm named Form1 defined in unit unit1): unit Unit1;interface ​ uses   Ã‚  Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes,   Ã‚  Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, ExtCtrls; type   Ã‚  TForm1 class(TForm)  Ã‚  private   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  procedure WMTimeChange(var Msg: TMessage) ; message WM_TIMECHANGE;  Ã‚  public   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  { Public declarations }   Ã‚  end;var   Ã‚  Form1: TForm1; implementation{$R *.dfm} procedure TForm1.WMTimeChange(var Msg: TMessage) ;begin   Ã‚  Windows.MessageBox(   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  handle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a system modal message#13#10from an inactive application,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A message from an inactive application!,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MB_SYSTEMMODAL or MB_SETFOREGROUND or MB_TOPMOST or MB_ICONHAND) ;end;end. Try running this simple application. Make sure the application is minimized or at least that some other application is active. Run the Date and Time Properties Control Panel applet and change the system time. As soon as you hit the Ok button (on the applet) the system modal topmost message box from your inactive application will be displayed.

Analytical Essay Sample on #8220;Of Mice and Men#8221; by John Steinbeck

Analytical Essay Sample on #8220;Of Mice and Men#8221; by John Steinbeck This essay is devoted to such prominent masterpiece as Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. A hero by definition is a person admired for certain qualities and achievements. Among these qualities are courage, bravery, and an intense care for others. These are heroic qualities because without courage, you cannot stand up for yourself or other people and what you believe is right. You must have bravery to put your beliefs into action, and you must care for others because A hero does not become a hero because he has a cape or special powers; he is a hero because of his heroic qualities. For example, a firefighter can be looked upon as a hero because of his courage and fearlessness because of the risks he takes to save people. A soldier personifies a hero because of his pride and care for what he is fighting for. In Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, George is a man who is clever and very ambitious. But among the problems in his way of becoming successful is his mentally challenged friend Lennie. Wherever they both set down to work, Lennie always seems to get into trouble and they have to leave to find more work. In a town called Weed where George and Lennie worked before going to the ranch, Lennie was accused of harassing a girl just because he wanted to touch her dress and wouldn’t let go. They had to flee from the town and find work elsewhere. George knows that he could find work and be much better off without Lennie, but he is faithful to his friend because he promised to take care of him. I believe that George is a hero because of his faithfulness to Lennie no matter what kind of trouble Lennie gets into. George looks after Lennie and takes him wherever he goes. George says in chapter 1 â€Å"I could get along so easy and so nice if I didn’t have you on my tail.† George later cautions Lennie to stay away from Curley, to keep Lennie safe and out of trouble. Deep down I believe George knows that something is bound to happen that will get both himself and Lennie into hot water. Although George knows he could be better off and maybe even accomplish his goal of owning his own land and having his own things, his care for Lennie remains constant throughout the book. This is George’s most heroic quality. Even up until the turning point of the book when George chooses Lennie’s fate, he knows that killing him would be better for Lennie rather than having him suffer under speculation and accusations. Even though George sometimes gets fed up with havin g to always watch out for his slow friend, I think that George is glad to have someone there that depends on him as much as Lennie does. George feels important because he has someone who totally relies on him. Lennie sees George as a hero because he is smarter, cares for him, and has dreams and goals that Lennie is sure George can accomplish. In Lennie’s eyes, George can do no wrong. Lennie depends on his friend to take care of him, console him, and try to keep him out of trouble. Lennie is almost fully dependent on George. I think that without George, Lennie would sometime meet a problem that he couldn’t solve or escape on his own, and he would eventually be in a situation resulting in a bad ending. George becomes a hero to Candy when he lets him in on the dream and makes it real to him as well. This isn’t something that is heroic about George, but he is the only person that Candy has ever known to have goals and plans to accomplish them. George becomes a hero to Slim when he puts everything aside to save Lennie, even if it means killing him. Slim knows the story about Lennie getting into trouble in Weed, and he understands that Lennie needs constant care. Slim has a great amount of respect for George when he realizes all of the sacrifices he has had to make to take responsibility for Lennie. He later gains a greater respect for George when he takes Lennie’s fate into his own hands. I think Slim is one of the only ones throughout the book that understands George and his reasoning for killing his friend. I disagree with Steinbeck’s comment that â€Å"only heroes are worth writing about†. If only heroes were worth writing about, there would be no Lennie, no Candy, or any other characters. If there were no other characters and just the hero, there wouldn’t be much of a story. If every person was a hero, every person would be the same and no one would be a hero at all. It takes an average character to elevate another person to a heroic status. Of Mice and Men is a story of dreams, hard reality, and tragedy. Steinbeck’s portrayal of a hero is shown throughout the novel. Even though everyone subconsciously knows that George’s dream is an unrealistic goal, they still put everything they have into making it real. George has no supernatural powers or cape. His faithfulness, compassion, and respectable character are all qualities that make him a hero.

Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report - Assignment Example The four year court battle resulted into a hefty $1.5bn dollar penalty to the affected regulators in the US, UK and Switzerland. It is against this backdrop of failures by such financial institutions entrusted with this critical role that this report is compiled. The scope of this report is to try and quantify the effect of risk attitude on company performance indicators and the impact this may have on their perceived change of attitude (Shotter, 2012). To achieve this goal, Chief executive officers (CEOs) of large financial institutions in the City of London were asked to fill in a questionnaire aimed at assessing their attitude towards risks. The so called large financial institutions were those listed in The Financial Times as so, based on the size of their workforce. Data Primary data was collected from 100 CEOs where their responses on the questionnaire were scored out of 30 -one being the most conservative towards risks and 30 being the highest risk assessment. Baseline informa tion provided the secondary data for the same set of financial institutions, gathered from two articles published in 2007 and in 2009 that had measured the risks in these same institutions. Data on three additional variables was also collected in order to assess the volatility in performance of the companies. Table 1 summarizes the variables of interest for this analysis. Table 1: Variables description Variable Description RISKATT_AFTER CEOs questionnaire score RISKATT_BEFORE Baseline data from publications MAX_SHARE The maximum share price of the company in the last 30 days MIN_SHARE The minimum share price of the company in the last 30 days SD_SHARE The standard deviation of the share prices of the company in the last 30 days Objectives With this information, we sought to answer the following objectives: 1) To assess the change of CEOs attitude towards risk before and after the UBS bank scandal 2) To quantify the correlation (if any) between the companies’ risk attitudes an d their volatility. Methodology In seeking to meet the above set objectives, statistical analysis tools were applied. In particular SPSS statistical software version 20 was used for the analysis. Moreover, the nature of the data was taken into account in choosing the methodology to use. For instance, for the first objective, we wished to assess the difference in risk assessment before and after the UBS bank scandal. The data was collected from the same companies hence forming dependent pairs. For this objective therefore, an appropriate test was the paired t-test. For the second objective, an extra variable coded as the SHARE_RANGE was derived by getting the range in the company’s share price for the past 30 days. This was to be used as a predictor for a regression model. Scatter plot matrices as well as Pearson’s correlation estimates were obtained as a guide to assessing the linear relation between the variables of interest and where appropriate, linear regression mo dels were fit and the necessary diagnostics performed. Results Results of performing a paired t-test on the companies’ score on risk assessment before and after the UBS bank scandal are summarized in the following section. To begin with, a

Information Technology infrastructure for businesses Essay

Information Technology infrastructure for businesses - Essay Example Moreover, which would be the needs of such plan, meaning especially the people, organization and technology issues related to the specific business initiatives. Also, the implications of choosing hardware and software for the IT systems of a particular organization would be taken into consideration by the organization’s managers at an early stage, i.e. while planning the specific project, aiming to limit the chances of a potential failure. Choosing hardware and software for the organization can be a critical decision. IT systems have a key role in the development of each firm’s operations. However, their involvement in daily organizational activities can be differentiated across firms in accordance with the sector in which the firm operates, the business culture and the funds available for the support of the organization’s IT infrastructure. ... At the same time, choosing the appropriate hardware and software could affect the development of the organization; a highly performing IT system can result to the increase of the quality of customer services and the improvement of communication – exchange of information – across the organization; in other words, an effective IT system can lead to the increase of organizational performance offering to the organization a competitive advantage towards its rivals. However, in order for the above choice to be successful, it is necessary for certain people, organization and technology issues to be taken into consideration. More specifically, the managers involved in the specific decision have to ensure that the organization’s employees have the skills and capabilities required for handling the chosen software and hardware. Without the appropriately skilled staff, the new hardware and software would be of no value for the organization. Of course, it would be possible fo r the organization’s employees to be trained accordingly – a scheme which would be necessary in any case, under the terms that the chosen software and hardware would have specific requirements and the firm’s employees could not be aware of all of them (Kangas 2003). At the next level, it is required that the technology chosen to be compatible with the firm’s existing IT systems; if the replacement of the firm’s IT network is decided, then it would be made sure that the chosen hardware and software could cooperate – for example, a common operational environment would be chosen for the firm’s computers. Moreover, the cost of the software/ hardware chosen should be taken into consideration; this cost would include: the cost of the system’s

Technology and Disadvantages Essay Example for Free

Technology and Disadvantages Essay It is quite impossible to think of a life without technologies and gadgets. Technology can be defined as a process with the help of which human beings modify nature in order to meet their growing needs. Technology leads to innovations and inventions and one such invention is gadgets. There are so many varieties of gadgets that are designed to suit human needs. But the questions is, are there only advantages or there are disadvantages as well. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using new gadgets and technologies. Advantages of technologies and gadgets: The advantages of new technologies and gadgets are discussed in the following lines. 1. Higher profit: New technologies can benefit your business in a number of ways. You can get higher profits as new technologies increase work efficiency, which in turn, increases productivity. Moreover, fewer work forces are needed as new technologies can automate the work thus reducing the costs more. 2. Fast access to information: You can get quick access to information with the help of computer and internet, two of the most popular technology and gadget in the present times. The ‘search engines’ on the internet help you find information on any topic that you’re looking for. see more:technology makes us lazy 3. Increases communication: Gone are those days when you had to write letters in order to communicate with people staying far away. Nowadays, you can send e-mails and you get the reply within minutes. Moreover, you can also take help of ‘chat rooms’ to meet new people as well as to stay in touch with your old friends. 4. Speed up work: There are so many gadgets that help to speed up work. Right from household chores to office work, there are gadgets with the help of which you can increase your work efficiency. It helps you to do quite a number of things in relatively less time. Disadvantages of technologies and gadgets: The disadvantages of new technologies and gadgets are discussed below – 1. Online fraud: When you use internet for online transactions, there is always a possibility of being a victim of online fraud. As for example, impostors may steal your credit card information and use them for their own monetary gain. 2. Dependency on gadgets: People are becoming mechanical as they are getting more and dependent on gadgets. Nowadays, human beings cannot do a simple work without taking help of a gadget. 3. Integrating new technology: It is often difficult to take a business related decision about whether to buy the latest technology or wait for some new invention. Moreover, implementing new technology in a business can be quite expensive; therefore, you need to decide whether or not you actually need it. Above all, integrating a new technology in a business is quite a difficult task in itself. 4. Technology related diseases: Human beings are becoming addicted to the new technologies and gadgets, especially, internet and computers. Moreover, young people are getting more and more addicted to mobile phones. Many scientists believe that radiation from mobile phones may cause blurring vision, headaches and earaches and may be the reason of cancer, too. Therefore, it can be concluded that there are both advantages and disadvantages of using new technologies and gadgets and it depends on mankind how they want to use them. About the Author - Rodney Gordon has been working as a contributing author on various topics like- technologies and gadgets, arts and culture, search engine marketing, business and finance, education, entertainment, Internet, sports and leisure for about two years. n the current time people cant imagine their life without technology. Surrounding us various technologies are helping people to live their life with more luxury. The technology sector has changed and developed many products. The technology is providing many advantages but also it has some disadvantages. Here we will discuss about both. Advantages There are several advantages of technology like Easier life With technological machine people are getting help in every sector. Cars and bikes are helping people to reach anywhere quickly. Airplane and superfast trains have been reduced distance between cities and countries. Computer and internet are providing information in simplest way also it has changed way of communication. Now people are doing video conferencing and chatting to communicate with their friends and family used communication technology. Lesser Mistakes Machines are helping people to make lesser mistakes. Robots or machines are working accurately and you just need to program them with proper information. Like in production of any automotive most of manufacturing companies are using automatic machines which follow instruction of computer or that person who is operating the machine. And all work gets done perfectly. Save Time Technologies are saving our time, for an example you can flew anywhere in the world in lesser time. With computer you can do any work in lesser time and also it help to enhance quality and provide suggestions. Machines are helping people in kitchen too like Oven and these are also saving time. Disadvantages Every one knows that technology is very helpful but it has some disadvantages too. Because many companies have adopted automatic machines so that they can improve their production with accuracy. As a result many people lost their job. Similarly house maids are loosing their job because robotic machines are doing their job. Owner need to pay one time only while maid get paid for every month. However machines and robots look inexpensive and good to use but, when any technical problem occurs in machine or robot, it took much time to fix it and also it can be expensive. - As we found that in technology sector, there are many advantages and disadvantages, even then people cant imagine their life without technology including me. What are the advantage and disadvantages of technology in our daily lives? Answer: Simple Question. Simple Answer. The Advantage is really convenience think about it, how convenient is it to whack on the TV in the morning, see whats happening around the world, then 20 minutes later go on your computer and have and have a twitter session, and read all your emails from friends around the world. - The Disadvantage is that technology is dominating everything. Soon posting mail would be a thing of the past. CNC machines (robots) would take over peoples jobs in making things, etc. Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology The development and spread of various technologies has become synonymous with the level of prosperity in a particular place. In economics, technology is one of the major factors that determine the growth and potential in the production process. It is also a basis for distinguishing between developed and developing countries and the advancement of technology is considered an essential factor to a country’s progress. The importance of technology in the world today cannot be stressed upon enough, which leads us to a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of technology. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines technology as the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area such as engineering or medicine. A more comprehensive view of this concept can be grasped from the Wiki definition of technology – â€Å"the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function†. Ever since pre historic times, humans have been applying their knowledge in ways that would make life easier for mankind as a whole. We have come a long way since the discovery of fire and invention of the wheel, and there is no stopping the advance of the technological age. It has permeated every aspect of our lives from the alarm clock that wakes us up in the morning to toaster ovens and nuclear reactors. The advantages and disadvantages of technology are of great relevance due to the huge role that technology plays in our lives today. Technology and Economics Noted economists such as Adam Smith and Schumpeter have recognised the great significance of technology in the development of nations and creation of business cycles. The Schumpeterian school of thought which advocates the theory of â€Å"creative destruction† stresses on the importance of innovation and technological advances in bringing about the end of the old ways and creating a new phase or business cycle in the economy. Keynesian economics also involves concepts of production per worker and total production levels in an economy, both of which are mainly affected by the technological prowess of the nation. It contributes in increasing the GDP of a nation which is well reflected in the high GDPs of developed countries which have access to the best technologies globally. The manufacturing (secondary sector) and service sectors (tertiary sector) are dependent completely on the technological progress of a nation. Although primary sectors of the economy like agriculture and an imal husbandry did not require a highly developed technological base, they are now accepting newer and better technologies which help in improving output. The efficiency and ease provided by technological innovations as simple as calculators to complex super fast computers, has made business transactions and cross continent interaction much easier and faster. These developments have completely changed the dynamics of business and manufacturing units. Multinational companies are sprouting up by the dozen due to the new possibilities made available by technological advancements. The quality of the entire manufacturing sector, which forms the backbone of the infrastructural and production units of an economy, is determined by the amount of technological knowledge available to the producers. This has been recognised by leading companies the world over who are constantly dedicating a larger portion of their funds to RD. Thus it is clear that the advantages and disadvantages of technology in this respect are quite one sided. The economic benefits of technology far outweigh any drawbacks. Technology has and will continue to play a significant role in spurring growth in economies. Technology and Culture The advent of new innovative products in our daily lives has redefined our cultures to a large extent. Hunting, riding and fishing as means of entertainment have given way to play stations, television and movie theatres. Almost every outdoor experience such as riding on horseback, swimming or jogging can now be replicated in the environ of our homes by a variety of gadgets and technologies. All in all, people today have adopted a more sedentary lifestyle thanks to the convenience provided by technological innovations. With a new iPad or computer operating system being developed every two months, people have enough to keep them occupied both in terms of work and leisure. Other aspects of our cultural lives such as communication and transportation have progressed to an extent that the world seems a much smaller place. Transatlantic journeys that would’ve taken several months to complete a century ago can now be covered in a matter of a few hours by air travel. These advantages o f technology are quite evident to us and it would be difficult to imagine life without them today. Advantages of smart technology are also prevalent in educational institutions and among students. For example use of laptop, desktop computers, iPad also prove beneficial to the students in their studies in many ways. Computer and net technology is a source of great wealth of knowledge. However, there are some seriously dangerous trends that have emerged due to the advancement of technology. Children spend increasingly more time watching television, playing video games or surfing the internet. Social networking sites, the newest phenomenon to hit online users, have claimed a significant number of victims, both young and old, who spend a large chunk of their time and energy on these sites. People find it easier to take shortcuts, for instance, university students can easily purchase services of writers who finish reports, assignments and even theses for a small fee. Thus in some ways procrastination and sedentary lifestyles are fast becoming popular among new generations. Technology and Society Technology has even changed the face of our societal norms and lifestyles today. Quality of life, especially in health and science, has been impacted quite strongly by the advent of the technological era. The increasing electrification, urbanisation, connectivity and closeness observed in different regions of the world have given a new dimension to standard of living. Healthcare has advanced fast due to the development of life saving drugs, eradication of numerous diseases, availability of cheap medicines etc which increases life expectancy and provides overall high standards of living. Advancements in science and technology as discussed earlier have altered various aspects of our lives making them indispensable. On the other hand problems like pollution, rising population, increased waste generation and destruction of wildlife which have emerged as direct consequences of technological advancements, put great pressure on the earth’s resources. These need to be dealt with carefully in order to have sustainable development. Resources need to be conserved for the benefit of future generations and currently one of the biggest disadvantages of technological progress is that it causes heightened resource usage. What does this all means ? Thus the advantages and disadvantages of technology are numerous and varied, but need to be observed carefully in order to utilise this knowledge advantageously. Technology has been a great boon to mankind but at the same time we must not be ignorant of the drawbacks generated by some of these developments. Many amazing strides in technology have been made since the beginning of civilization, and more are certain to be on the horizon. - Disadvantage Of Technology In Our Lives Question:advantage and disadvantage of modern technology in our lives Answers:Hello ! These are some disadvantages of technology : We always must be ready to receive company, we can hardly be really alone, we are always connected, As we can have every informations easily from home, we dont go to library, or we dont search what we want in shops, so we dont meet new people, It makes relationship very unpersonal, We have no choice but to buy cellular phones nowadays, even if its expensive, If want to be in the movement, you must have a mp3, etc Bye Answers:Advantage technology makes our lives easier Disadvantage Uses up natural resources at an unsustainable rate, degrades the natural environment Answers:The advantages: 1. Make our life simpler. 2. It helps us to organize our daily activities. 3. Our job can be done faster. 4. Easier to communicate with other people. 5. Helps us to know and understand other culture and society better. (and lots more) The disadvantages: 1. Can be e asily manipulated by irresponsible persons. 2. Well be too dependant on it. When technology fails, we r helpless (in one way or another). 3. Sometimes, it affects our health and lifestyles(well be complacent and lazy. The chemicals r hazardous). 4. It destroys our simple and healthy life(I miss the traditional style of living). 5. Invasion of our privacy. (and lots more) Question:What is tchnology ; its advantage and disadvantages in our modern living? Answers:Technology is the application of scientific advances to benefit humanity. There are many advantages and disadvantages if you think about it. For example, it is advantageous while allowing us to simplify and automate production, such as robotic car manufacturing. On the other hand, it can be disadvantageous once we start depending on the advancements. Also, think of all the jobs people have lost after being replaced by a machine Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in a Convent :Hi, Im Sister Norma Raupple from the Ursuline Sisters of Youngstown Todays Question is: What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a Convent? A convent is a house where a group of Sisters share their lives and their space with each other. There is a chapel in the central part of the house because our relationship with God is the center of our lives. The convent where I live is in Cnfield, Ohio where there are 30 of us Ursuline Sisters living together. I see many more advantages for living in a convent than disadvantages: I have a spacious private room which looks out on the woods. I often enjoy the sunrise from my window. At the same time, I enjoy the presence and interactionof other women of faith women of all ages. Their support and encouragement helps me to maintain a healthy, happy life. Our life style is simple and fulfilling as we gather for prayer and Eucharist and spend time together when we are not engaged in ministry. At times, I experience the schedule as a disadvantage. For example, the individual sister does not choose the schedule for prayer and meals. The schedule is determined by everyone talking together and deciding what is best for the group life.

Why Great Men Do Not Become President Essay examples -- Elections Poli

Why Great Men Do Not Become President Over the course of history America has been electing the most popular not necessarily the best-qualified men as president. The office has become a strategic component vital to each political party. Parties sacrifice a great leader for the man that will win the most votes. History is a record of how we have always had had this practice. The office is full of corruption because money and influence run the presidency. The political leaders lie to the people that he is intended to serve. There are many overwhelming reasons that the best man is not always chosen for the job. They all inevitably stem down to the simple fact that a political party in order for its survival must have their candidate elected. In this struggle for dominance, qualities crucial to making a â€Å"great† leader are sacrificed in order to get votes. Location, religion occupation, and track record are all taken into consideration when choosing a candidate. Although these factors have no effect on how a leader will perform in office they are crucial factors in determining a candidate. Presidential candidates can best be described to a form of selective breeding. Similar to how farmers choose the best seeds to plant their crops each season to grow the most food, political parties choose the best candidates in the same respect. In order to survive and have their philosophy be heard in the American system of government, political parties must win elections. To ensure the best chances of winning an election they select the best â€Å"seeds.† Ultimately though sacrifices need to made to ensure a successful election. This is due to the simple fact that a bad president is better then no president in the eyes of ea... ...ar as the last election to be disproved. George W. Bush was a poster child for Republican America. He is not a great man in any sense of the word. Bush is not a genius or scholar. He did work to build himself up but was simply born into the Bush royalty. Just like royalty fittingly enough he was appointed president by having the right connections, image and of course, money. America needs a change from the current standard. We have had men in office who have lied cheated and stole from the very people that they are there to serve. Respect for the office is lost because of their actions. It is clear that corruption runs deep and is not a new addition to the White House. The discerning fact is that this may never change as long it takes money and image to win an election. American elections will always be more an election of popularity then of principle.

Principles of Business

The Development of Economic Activity Human Beings produce and consume goods and services from the resources in their environment. It is primarily for the reason that humans are called ECONOMIC ANIMAL, because he or she has the ability to use his or her hands and brain to satisfy his or her immediate personal needs. These are looked at as basic needs; these needs are food, shelter and clothing (Economic Activity). Economic Activity means activities which results in the satisfaction of needs.In order to satisfy these needs, man engaged in certain economic activity such as farming, fishing, hunting, trade form, women stay home. Direct Production/ Direct Satisfaction of Wants Direct Production really means that human beings provide all their needs for themselves and their family without the aid of others; in other words, they do not depend on others to provide. Indirect Production/ Indirect Satisfaction of Wants Indirect Production means that human beings exchange their surplus by barter with others; in other words, human beings depend on others to do things for them  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subsistence EconomySubsistence Economy – An economy which provide just enough to survive, but not to improve their way of life. BARTER SYSTEM Barter System is the exchange of goods or services for other goods and services without the use of money. ADVANTAGE OF BARTER SYSTEM * It allowed people to dispose of any surplus, they had at the same time obtain a variety of things they needed. * It enables persons to enjoy goods and services they could not produce. * Countries with foreign currency problems can get goods and services that they require. Countries that engage in trade can strengthen their political and cultural ties. DISADVANTAGE OF BARTER SYSTEM * Double or co-incidence of wants – No trade can take place unless there is double or co-incidence of wants; that is your trading partner has wh at you want and wants what you have. * Time Consumption – It could be challenging to find willing partners. * Spoilage – If an individual failed to find a suitable partner within a reasonable time ones wealth in goods could be destroyed. Unequal Exchange – There is the difficulty or unequal exchange where the values of some goods far outweigh the value of other goods. MONEY Money is any commodity that is generally acceptable and is used as a medium of exchange and as a measure of value CHARACTERISTICS OF MONEY * Acceptability – It must be readily acceptable by everyone * Durability – It should not wear out easily * Homogeneity – it features should be identical * Divisibility – Money should be able to be broken down into smaller units. Portability – It should be easy to carry around. FUNCTIONS OF MONEY * Medium of Exchange – Money makes the exchange of goods easier * Measure of Value – Money can be used to state pr ices of goods * Store of Value –   Money can be saved * Deferred Payment – Money can be earned at one time and spent at another. DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION Division of labour is sharing the work. The work is divided among persons and they specialize in doing their part of the process, specialization comes as a part of this. DIVISION OF LABOUR BY PRODUCTDivision of labour by product means people can do what they can do best in exchange for money and then using the money earned to buy the goods and services of others. DIVISION OF LABOUR BY PROCESS Division of labour by process means by organizing production into many stages workers become more specialized in their work and consequently they produce more. ADVANTAGES OF DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION * Workers become more expert in their jobs * Jobs become simpler and easier to learn * Output per person increases * Machinery and automation can be used Workers can more easily change jobs * Unit cost are re duced DISADVANTAGES OF DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION * Work can be tedious and boring thus resulting in poor worker motivation and the likelihood of a higher rate of absentism * Workers creativity is limited * Greater use of machinery can cause unemployment * Production can easily be stopped by strikes ECONOMIC SYSTEM Economic System refers to the method by which a nation or country plan to utilize its resources in order to achieve economic growth and to benefit its citizens. MAJOR ECONOMIC SYSTEMEvery country is given by an economic system as each system has to decide how to allocate its resources to meet the needs of the citizens. This is a problem because the worlds resources are limited in supply and mans wants are unlimited. The economic is therefore deciding how to best to share these scarce resources. The decision of what to produce or what choices to make from the limited resources available is influenced by the political situation within which the decision is made. I n order to share resources all economic must answer to all these problems. PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM FACE Limited Resources * Man wants are unlimited * Scarcity * How to share resources * Choice / decision No two countries are organized in the same way but they all have to solve three basic problems as follows * What should be produced? * How much to produce? * How is it to be produce? * Where is it to be produce? There are four different economic systems which answer the foregoing questions. * Subsistence Economy * Free Market Economy {Alternative name – Capitalists, Laissez-faire} * Controlled Economy {Alternative name – Collectivists, Communist, Command Control} * Mixed SUBSISTENCE ECONOMYA subsistence economy is one where there is little specialization and little trade. In such an economy people tend to live in family groups and grow most of their own food. Free Market Economy In a free market economy there is little or no government interference in the economy. It is based on the private ownership of the factors of production and the means of the distributing goods and services. Market forces are allowed to determine how resources are allocated. Examples of Free Market Economy is Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America and Hong Kong Advantages of Free market Economy Individuals are free to make choices as to what they want to produce, where they who they want to work for, what price they are going to charge for labour and also the price of their finished products * Customers can decide what to produce by influencing market prices * When consumers demands certain goods and services, they send messages to the producers who in turn will produce and meet the demands and thus satisfy the preference of consumers Disadvantages of Free market Economy * It encourages inequalities of wealth The more powerful businesses may buy out the smaller ones thus reducing competition * Wealthy people are more able to purchase and influence t he market than smaller ones * Companies may be tempted to restrict supplies to keep prices high Planned / Controlled / Collectivist Economy In a controlled economy all economic decisions are made by the government. The state decides what to produce, how it is to be produced and how it should be allocated to consumers; in other words, the state decides what the community needs and therefore demand is not influenced by the consumer.Examples of Controlled economies are Cuba and China. Advantages of Controlled Economy * State   control eliminates wasteful competition * The state will provide goods that private enterprise will be unwilling to provide * It is impossible for private monopolies to develop * The state ensures that the needs of the community are met Disadvantages of Controlled Economy * Free enterprise and competition are discouraged * Creativeness and efficiency are not encouraged MIXED ECONOMY Mixed economy is a combination of elements from free economy and a controlled e conomy.There is a public sector controlled by the government which provides goods and services that the state feels it can manage most efficiently and a private sector in which individuals risk capital in producing goods and services for profit. ADVANTAGES OF MIXED ECONOMY * Individuals have freedom of choice * Government can intervene to protect citizens from unfair monopoly * Both the private and public sector may unite in producing goods. DISADVANTAGES OF MIXED ECONOMY * It is possible for private monopolies to develop Too many government regulations may discourage persons from owning a business GLOBALIZATION Globalization can be seen as the intensification and spread of world wide social, economic, cultural and political relationships among countries. BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION * Provision of high quality goods and services at a cheaper rate which is achieved through economies of scale * In contributing to globalization firms not only provide goods and services economically but t hey also provide employment for people IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATIONThe impact of globalization has some adverse effect on small economies of the Caribbean. Large international firms that can produce high quality goods and services at a cheaper cost set challenges to small firms that are producing similar goods and services PRIMARY PRODUCTION Primary Production includes activity which takes the natural resources from the earth, that is the extraction of raw materials and the growing of food. Example Mining, fishing farming and forestry Secondary ProductionSecondary production involves manufacturing, processing and construction which transform raw materials into finish or semi-finished goods. Example baking, ship building and office construction. Tertiary Production Tertiary production includes the provision of serves example Hairdressing. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR The private sector is that part of the economy that is owned and controlled by private individuals and firms. Funds for the es tablishment of private business operation are obtained through * Loans from Bank or Financial Institution * Personal Savings Financing from family and friends The public sector refers to business in the economy that are owned by government for the benefit of the public citizens. The main motive is to provide goods and services to benefit the country. Funds will mainly com from taxation. Private sector enterprise will involve in manufacturing, mining etc and they are able to produce or provide the services they wish but they must abide by rules and regulation establish by the government, on the other hand, the public sector relies on the private sector for taxation to maintain the operations of the country.In most Caribbean countries we say that there is a mixed economy because some businesses are privately owned and others are owned by the state ADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE SECTOR TO A SOCIETY * Public Sector protects citizens from exploitation by powerful monopolies * Public sector provid es employment for many persons * Public sector contributes to the economic lives of the country PUBLIC BUSINESS UNDERTAKINGS Public Corporations: These are government or state owned businesses that are primarily run by Central government.Municipal Undertakings: These are government owned businesses that are run primarily by the Local Government. These include market, parks and beaches Government Undertakings: These departments carry out special functions such as education, health and finance REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING A BUSINESS * To earn a income * To make a profit- which is the result when a firm’s sales revenue is greater than its total costs. Profit is important because it enables business to survive and grow, it also provides the owner with a return for taking the risk of losing money they have invested. To provide employment to persons in and around the community * To expand production and increase the yearly sales of the firm * To produce a product that is either a good or service to the community * To have the satisfaction of being one’s own boss SOLE TRADERSHIP OR SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP The sole tradership or sole proprietorship is defined as a one man business, this is so because he or she enters business on his or her own, therefore bearing the risk of the business and thus entitled to all the profits.Even when the sole trader invites someone else to assist in the running of the business, these individuals would be employees. They do not share in ownership of the business and the owner is responsible for decisions made concerning the business. * Sole tradership is very easy to setup and operate. * It does not require any legal paperwork or registration. * Sole Trader is an unincorporated business, which means that the owner and business are one and same in the eyes of the law. This means that he conducts in his own name, his business is not separate from him. Sole Trader has unlimited liability which means that their personal assets can be clamed to settle the debts of their business that is why in the case of bankruptcy the sole trader stands to lose his/ her personal belongings, if the business assets cannot cover his/her debts. In order to finance the business the sole trader may: *   Use his personal savings to start the business. * The sole trader may also borrow funds from family members or friends. * The sole trader may also get funds from financial institution such as credit unions, commercial banks or government sources as the business progresses. The sole trader may also reinvest or plough back some of the profits made in the business. The sole Trader may sell ownership of his business to someone else. If he/she dies then the business no longer exists. ADVANTAGES OF SOLE TRADER * The business is simple to start and usually requires only a small amount of capital * Profits are not shared * Decisions are made promptly and the new ideas put in place quickly * The owner retains personal control over the direct ion and growth of his/her business DISADVANTAGES OF SOLE TRADER It is difficult to access capital if the sole trader wants to expand his business * The sole trader bears all the losses * The sole trader may have to work long hours and may not be able to take vacation when he wants to do so * Unlimited Liability , therefore in the case of bankruptcy he may lose his personal belongings to claim its debts * There is lack of continuity if the owner dies PARTNERSHIP An ordinary partnership is an association of two to twenty persons who are in business together with a view to earning a profit.This type of partnership may have general or active partners who are involved in the day to day operations of the business. A Sleeping partner is a partner who may be willing to introduce capital into a business but may not wish to take an active part in the running of the business In an ordinary partnership all partners have unlimited liability which means that they stand to lose not only their inve stment capital but also their personal assets. It is possible to have a limited partnership bit at least one partner mush accept unlimited liability.Partnership is formed amongst partners, partners may share in the management of the business or may serve as the manager or they may employ someone to manage the business Partners are free to decide whatever arrangement they like amongst themselves as to what rules will govern their organization. Partners have a written arrangement or deed. A partnership deed sets out the rights of each partner as to the division of profits. The deed sets out: * The name of the business and the date the business started * The type of business and the location of the business Details of each partner * The amount of capital each partner invested * How profits to be shared * The responsibility of each partner in the business In financing a partnership business all partners pool their savings together, loans and retained. Profits are shared by the deed draw n up by the partners, the absence of the deed means that profits are shared equally. In a partnership all partners are held personally responsible for all debts of the business. If one partner cannot fulfill his obligations then the other partner will bear all the losses. A partnership may be terminated: When partner or partners decide to sell their share of the partnership to someone else. When this occurs a new partners are brought in. * If it becomes insolvent or bankrupt * When all parties agree to terminate the business ADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP * It is easy to form as there are few legal formalities * More capital is available to foster growth and development. * Workload can be shared amongst partners DISADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP * If a partner makes a mistake all partners stand to lose * Each partner is liable for the debts of the business * Possible disagreements between partners Membership limit of twenty which restricts resources of the business CO-OPERATIVES A cooperative is a form of business that is owned and controlled by a group of persons who have a common interest and who have an equal say in operation. Types of Cooperatives * Producer Cooperative: In this type of cooperative society members are in their business of producing example in a farming community * Buyers Cooperatives: This is a type of cooperative in which persons who use a particular good in their business operations come together to purchase that good in large quantities and gain benefits of discounts. Financial Cooperatives: This is a service oriented society. It brings together persons who have a common interest. The aim is for members to pool their resources in the provision of service * Workers Cooperative: Are businesses that are owned and run by their own workforces. Example the crews of a bus company Cooperative is governed by a general meeting. The meeting is held annually and it is at this meeting that a committee is appointed to handle the day to day affairs of the coope rative.The cooperative is controlled by its members. Each member contributes to share capital of the cooperative. Members finance the cooperative through the purchase of shares Shareholders receives dividends if the cooperative makes a profit from its operation. The amount of dividend is related to the number of shares held. Dividends are generally small, since the major goal is not to make a profit but to provide a service to its members. Earnings from a cooperative are not totally consumed in the payment of dividend.Most of these are ploughed back into the cooperatives to finance operational needs identified by the members. ADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVES * Members benefit from the pooling of funds for the purpose of lending to other members * Members have equal say in the operation of business as well as in the decision making of the cooperatives * Members are the owners of the cooperative society * Employment is created within the organization DISADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVES * Profit s may be small or non existent * Shortage or lack of capital may inhibit growth and cause problems Principles of Business The Development of Economic Activity Human Beings produce and consume goods and services from the resources in their environment. It is primarily for the reason that humans are called ECONOMIC ANIMAL, because he or she has the ability to use his or her hands and brain to satisfy his or her immediate personal needs. These are looked at as basic needs; these needs are food, shelter and clothing (Economic Activity). Economic Activity means activities which results in the satisfaction of needs.In order to satisfy these needs, man engaged in certain economic activity such as farming, fishing, hunting, trade form, women stay home. Direct Production/ Direct Satisfaction of Wants Direct Production really means that human beings provide all their needs for themselves and their family without the aid of others; in other words, they do not depend on others to provide. Indirect Production/ Indirect Satisfaction of Wants Indirect Production means that human beings exchange their surplus by barter with others; in other words, human beings depend on others to do things for them  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subsistence EconomySubsistence Economy – An economy which provide just enough to survive, but not to improve their way of life. BARTER SYSTEM Barter System is the exchange of goods or services for other goods and services without the use of money. ADVANTAGE OF BARTER SYSTEM * It allowed people to dispose of any surplus, they had at the same time obtain a variety of things they needed. * It enables persons to enjoy goods and services they could not produce. * Countries with foreign currency problems can get goods and services that they require. Countries that engage in trade can strengthen their political and cultural ties. DISADVANTAGE OF BARTER SYSTEM * Double or co-incidence of wants – No trade can take place unless there is double or co-incidence of wants; that is your trading partner has wh at you want and wants what you have. * Time Consumption – It could be challenging to find willing partners. * Spoilage – If an individual failed to find a suitable partner within a reasonable time ones wealth in goods could be destroyed. Unequal Exchange – There is the difficulty or unequal exchange where the values of some goods far outweigh the value of other goods. MONEY Money is any commodity that is generally acceptable and is used as a medium of exchange and as a measure of value CHARACTERISTICS OF MONEY * Acceptability – It must be readily acceptable by everyone * Durability – It should not wear out easily * Homogeneity – it features should be identical * Divisibility – Money should be able to be broken down into smaller units. Portability – It should be easy to carry around. FUNCTIONS OF MONEY * Medium of Exchange – Money makes the exchange of goods easier * Measure of Value – Money can be used to state pr ices of goods * Store of Value –   Money can be saved * Deferred Payment – Money can be earned at one time and spent at another. DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION Division of labour is sharing the work. The work is divided among persons and they specialize in doing their part of the process, specialization comes as a part of this. DIVISION OF LABOUR BY PRODUCTDivision of labour by product means people can do what they can do best in exchange for money and then using the money earned to buy the goods and services of others. DIVISION OF LABOUR BY PROCESS Division of labour by process means by organizing production into many stages workers become more specialized in their work and consequently they produce more. ADVANTAGES OF DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION * Workers become more expert in their jobs * Jobs become simpler and easier to learn * Output per person increases * Machinery and automation can be used Workers can more easily change jobs * Unit cost are re duced DISADVANTAGES OF DIVISION OF LABOUR OR SPECIALIZATION * Work can be tedious and boring thus resulting in poor worker motivation and the likelihood of a higher rate of absentism * Workers creativity is limited * Greater use of machinery can cause unemployment * Production can easily be stopped by strikes ECONOMIC SYSTEM Economic System refers to the method by which a nation or country plan to utilize its resources in order to achieve economic growth and to benefit its citizens. MAJOR ECONOMIC SYSTEMEvery country is given by an economic system as each system has to decide how to allocate its resources to meet the needs of the citizens. This is a problem because the worlds resources are limited in supply and mans wants are unlimited. The economic is therefore deciding how to best to share these scarce resources. The decision of what to produce or what choices to make from the limited resources available is influenced by the political situation within which the decision is made. I n order to share resources all economic must answer to all these problems. PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM FACE Limited Resources * Man wants are unlimited * Scarcity * How to share resources * Choice / decision No two countries are organized in the same way but they all have to solve three basic problems as follows * What should be produced? * How much to produce? * How is it to be produce? * Where is it to be produce? There are four different economic systems which answer the foregoing questions. * Subsistence Economy * Free Market Economy {Alternative name – Capitalists, Laissez-faire} * Controlled Economy {Alternative name – Collectivists, Communist, Command Control} * Mixed SUBSISTENCE ECONOMYA subsistence economy is one where there is little specialization and little trade. In such an economy people tend to live in family groups and grow most of their own food. Free Market Economy In a free market economy there is little or no government interference in the economy. It is based on the private ownership of the factors of production and the means of the distributing goods and services. Market forces are allowed to determine how resources are allocated. Examples of Free Market Economy is Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America and Hong Kong Advantages of Free market Economy Individuals are free to make choices as to what they want to produce, where they who they want to work for, what price they are going to charge for labour and also the price of their finished products * Customers can decide what to produce by influencing market prices * When consumers demands certain goods and services, they send messages to the producers who in turn will produce and meet the demands and thus satisfy the preference of consumers Disadvantages of Free market Economy * It encourages inequalities of wealth The more powerful businesses may buy out the smaller ones thus reducing competition * Wealthy people are more able to purchase and influence t he market than smaller ones * Companies may be tempted to restrict supplies to keep prices high Planned / Controlled / Collectivist Economy In a controlled economy all economic decisions are made by the government. The state decides what to produce, how it is to be produced and how it should be allocated to consumers; in other words, the state decides what the community needs and therefore demand is not influenced by the consumer.Examples of Controlled economies are Cuba and China. Advantages of Controlled Economy * State   control eliminates wasteful competition * The state will provide goods that private enterprise will be unwilling to provide * It is impossible for private monopolies to develop * The state ensures that the needs of the community are met Disadvantages of Controlled Economy * Free enterprise and competition are discouraged * Creativeness and efficiency are not encouraged MIXED ECONOMY Mixed economy is a combination of elements from free economy and a controlled e conomy.There is a public sector controlled by the government which provides goods and services that the state feels it can manage most efficiently and a private sector in which individuals risk capital in producing goods and services for profit. ADVANTAGES OF MIXED ECONOMY * Individuals have freedom of choice * Government can intervene to protect citizens from unfair monopoly * Both the private and public sector may unite in producing goods. DISADVANTAGES OF MIXED ECONOMY * It is possible for private monopolies to develop Too many government regulations may discourage persons from owning a business GLOBALIZATION Globalization can be seen as the intensification and spread of world wide social, economic, cultural and political relationships among countries. BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION * Provision of high quality goods and services at a cheaper rate which is achieved through economies of scale * In contributing to globalization firms not only provide goods and services economically but t hey also provide employment for people IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATIONThe impact of globalization has some adverse effect on small economies of the Caribbean. Large international firms that can produce high quality goods and services at a cheaper cost set challenges to small firms that are producing similar goods and services PRIMARY PRODUCTION Primary Production includes activity which takes the natural resources from the earth, that is the extraction of raw materials and the growing of food. Example Mining, fishing farming and forestry Secondary ProductionSecondary production involves manufacturing, processing and construction which transform raw materials into finish or semi-finished goods. Example baking, ship building and office construction. Tertiary Production Tertiary production includes the provision of serves example Hairdressing. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR The private sector is that part of the economy that is owned and controlled by private individuals and firms. Funds for the es tablishment of private business operation are obtained through * Loans from Bank or Financial Institution * Personal Savings Financing from family and friends The public sector refers to business in the economy that are owned by government for the benefit of the public citizens. The main motive is to provide goods and services to benefit the country. Funds will mainly com from taxation. Private sector enterprise will involve in manufacturing, mining etc and they are able to produce or provide the services they wish but they must abide by rules and regulation establish by the government, on the other hand, the public sector relies on the private sector for taxation to maintain the operations of the country.In most Caribbean countries we say that there is a mixed economy because some businesses are privately owned and others are owned by the state ADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE SECTOR TO A SOCIETY * Public Sector protects citizens from exploitation by powerful monopolies * Public sector provid es employment for many persons * Public sector contributes to the economic lives of the country PUBLIC BUSINESS UNDERTAKINGS Public Corporations: These are government or state owned businesses that are primarily run by Central government.Municipal Undertakings: These are government owned businesses that are run primarily by the Local Government. These include market, parks and beaches Government Undertakings: These departments carry out special functions such as education, health and finance REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING A BUSINESS * To earn a income * To make a profit- which is the result when a firm’s sales revenue is greater than its total costs. Profit is important because it enables business to survive and grow, it also provides the owner with a return for taking the risk of losing money they have invested. To provide employment to persons in and around the community * To expand production and increase the yearly sales of the firm * To produce a product that is either a good or service to the community * To have the satisfaction of being one’s own boss SOLE TRADERSHIP OR SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP The sole tradership or sole proprietorship is defined as a one man business, this is so because he or she enters business on his or her own, therefore bearing the risk of the business and thus entitled to all the profits.Even when the sole trader invites someone else to assist in the running of the business, these individuals would be employees. They do not share in ownership of the business and the owner is responsible for decisions made concerning the business. * Sole tradership is very easy to setup and operate. * It does not require any legal paperwork or registration. * Sole Trader is an unincorporated business, which means that the owner and business are one and same in the eyes of the law. This means that he conducts in his own name, his business is not separate from him. Sole Trader has unlimited liability which means that their personal assets can be clamed to settle the debts of their business that is why in the case of bankruptcy the sole trader stands to lose his/ her personal belongings, if the business assets cannot cover his/her debts. In order to finance the business the sole trader may: *   Use his personal savings to start the business. * The sole trader may also borrow funds from family members or friends. * The sole trader may also get funds from financial institution such as credit unions, commercial banks or government sources as the business progresses. The sole trader may also reinvest or plough back some of the profits made in the business. The sole Trader may sell ownership of his business to someone else. If he/she dies then the business no longer exists. ADVANTAGES OF SOLE TRADER * The business is simple to start and usually requires only a small amount of capital * Profits are not shared * Decisions are made promptly and the new ideas put in place quickly * The owner retains personal control over the direct ion and growth of his/her business DISADVANTAGES OF SOLE TRADER It is difficult to access capital if the sole trader wants to expand his business * The sole trader bears all the losses * The sole trader may have to work long hours and may not be able to take vacation when he wants to do so * Unlimited Liability , therefore in the case of bankruptcy he may lose his personal belongings to claim its debts * There is lack of continuity if the owner dies PARTNERSHIP An ordinary partnership is an association of two to twenty persons who are in business together with a view to earning a profit.This type of partnership may have general or active partners who are involved in the day to day operations of the business. A Sleeping partner is a partner who may be willing to introduce capital into a business but may not wish to take an active part in the running of the business In an ordinary partnership all partners have unlimited liability which means that they stand to lose not only their inve stment capital but also their personal assets. It is possible to have a limited partnership bit at least one partner mush accept unlimited liability.Partnership is formed amongst partners, partners may share in the management of the business or may serve as the manager or they may employ someone to manage the business Partners are free to decide whatever arrangement they like amongst themselves as to what rules will govern their organization. Partners have a written arrangement or deed. A partnership deed sets out the rights of each partner as to the division of profits. The deed sets out: * The name of the business and the date the business started * The type of business and the location of the business Details of each partner * The amount of capital each partner invested * How profits to be shared * The responsibility of each partner in the business In financing a partnership business all partners pool their savings together, loans and retained. Profits are shared by the deed draw n up by the partners, the absence of the deed means that profits are shared equally. In a partnership all partners are held personally responsible for all debts of the business. If one partner cannot fulfill his obligations then the other partner will bear all the losses. A partnership may be terminated: When partner or partners decide to sell their share of the partnership to someone else. When this occurs a new partners are brought in. * If it becomes insolvent or bankrupt * When all parties agree to terminate the business ADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP * It is easy to form as there are few legal formalities * More capital is available to foster growth and development. * Workload can be shared amongst partners DISADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP * If a partner makes a mistake all partners stand to lose * Each partner is liable for the debts of the business * Possible disagreements between partners Membership limit of twenty which restricts resources of the business CO-OPERATIVES A cooperative is a form of business that is owned and controlled by a group of persons who have a common interest and who have an equal say in operation. Types of Cooperatives * Producer Cooperative: In this type of cooperative society members are in their business of producing example in a farming community * Buyers Cooperatives: This is a type of cooperative in which persons who use a particular good in their business operations come together to purchase that good in large quantities and gain benefits of discounts. Financial Cooperatives: This is a service oriented society. It brings together persons who have a common interest. The aim is for members to pool their resources in the provision of service * Workers Cooperative: Are businesses that are owned and run by their own workforces. Example the crews of a bus company Cooperative is governed by a general meeting. The meeting is held annually and it is at this meeting that a committee is appointed to handle the day to day affairs of the coope rative.The cooperative is controlled by its members. Each member contributes to share capital of the cooperative. Members finance the cooperative through the purchase of shares Shareholders receives dividends if the cooperative makes a profit from its operation. The amount of dividend is related to the number of shares held. Dividends are generally small, since the major goal is not to make a profit but to provide a service to its members. Earnings from a cooperative are not totally consumed in the payment of dividend.Most of these are ploughed back into the cooperatives to finance operational needs identified by the members. ADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVES * Members benefit from the pooling of funds for the purpose of lending to other members * Members have equal say in the operation of business as well as in the decision making of the cooperatives * Members are the owners of the cooperative society * Employment is created within the organization DISADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVES * Profit s may be small or non existent * Shortage or lack of capital may inhibit growth and cause problems