Gender Socialization - 1694 Words

Gender Socialization Sociology 100 Before a newborn child takes his or her first breath of life outside the mother s womb, he or she is distinguishable and characterized by gender. A baby is born and the doctor looks at the proud parents or parent and says three simple words: Its a boy, or Its a girl The baby is brought home and dressed in clothes that help friends, family and even strangers identify the sex of the child. Baby boys are dressed in blue and baby girls are dressed in pink. The baby boy may be dressed in a blue jumpsuit with a football or a baseball glove on it. The baby girl may wear a bow in their hair and flowered pajamas. As the boy begins to grow, he is given a miniature basketball and a hoop to play with.†¦show more content†¦Another aspect of everyday life that is highly influential in gender socialization is the media. What we see on television or at the movies, what we read in the newspaper or in magazines, what we see on billboards or hear on the radio are all very significant on how we form a opinion on gender identity. Media publishers have very successfully learned to play to an audience and are extremely successful in communicating with the audience they wish to reach. Advertisers are the biggest example of this concept. Society is very apt in recognizing images seen in commercials and printed ads and viewing them as socially acceptable behavior. For example, beer companies will target the twenty to thirty year old male audiences and include scantily clad women enjoying their favorite beers. Ironically, popular women magazines also use beautiful women to promote cosmetics and beauty products. Both examples show the exploitation of female images in society. It is this societal ignorance that clouds the mind and allows the images to continue to influence what we believe to be socially acceptable. And when society is presented with something or someone out of the ordinary, which doesn t follow what we deem to be correct, we rebel and try to modify it to our socia lly acceptable standards. Imagine a baby born with no visible sex organs. Now imagine after some tests that there are no internal or externalShow MoreRelatedGender Socialization And Gender Roles998 Words   |  4 Pagesattention to the gender equality issues many societies face. Is this increased awareness helping towards a neutral gendered socialization process which will inevitably eliminate the inequality? Gender socialization is the process where an individual is impacted by agents of socialization through their life stages which consequently creates the gender roles we see in today’s society. The only way to start working towards a gender equal world is by making changes towards the gender socialization process. GenderRead MoreAgents Of Socialization : My Family, Culture, And Gender861 Words   |  4 PagesSome agents of socialization that have had the greatest effect on me would be my family, culture, and gender. To begin with, culture has had a big effect on me in the sense that I am the complete contrary as my family members. It has affected me in a negative way since according to my family members, I do not act in a way that a Mexican person should. Since I am a vegetarian, my family often times accuse me of not being Mexican enough due to the fact that Mexican culture revolves around its foodsRead MoreGender Socialization : The Princess And The Frog920 Words   |  4 PagesGender socialization takes place in our everyday lives whether we subconsciously know it or not. Gender socialization is the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each gender. For example, If I were to say it takes my friend at least 45 minutes to do their hair before school everyda y, you would assume I am speaking about a friend who is a female as opposed to a friend who is male. This is because of the idea of gender socialization. As I stated earlier, gender socializationRead MoreGender Socialization : Gender And Gender1040 Words   |  5 PagesWomen Studies 9 online Oct 8, 2015 Gender Socialization Gender, according to Lorber, is the product of a range of social forces that influence our gender construction through a system of reward and punishment. throughout my life, I have been taught to be a women by family and through society, all that at some point supported the goals I had for myself or created obstacles by challenging my own ideas of what meant to be a strong women. Gender socialization is the process by which individualsRead MoreGender Socialization Is The Aspect Of Socialization1492 Words   |  6 PagesGender socialization plays a part in pay gap within societies and America today. Gender socialization instills thoughts, behaviors, and attitudes into individuals throughout the lifespan. As a result, the outcomes of gender socialization, not only, prepares society for pay gap, but also prepares individuals to implement a gap in pay in relation to gender throughout societies. The discussion that ensues explains gender socialization and the impacts this has on, both, individuals and society in generalRead Moregender socialization992 Words   |  4 Pages Gender: Forced Upon American Society Growing up, many Americans childhood consisted of playing tag outside, having cooties, and experimenting with as many toys as possible. Hundreds of thousands of toys flood kid stores such as Toys R Us, Baby Depot, and KB toys. With imagination, kids are able to become doctors, presidents, and princesses during the contents of one day. Television shows such as Barney or Blues Clues encourage having such imagination, thus inspiring kids to want to becomeRead MoreGender : Sex And Gender Socialization992 Words   |  4 Pages Sex and Gender Socialization Before we learned this chapter, I didn t know that sex and gender are different to each other, all I know is that gender and sex have the same meaning which referred to male and female. Recently, I just learned the difference between sex and gender, which is sex is like our biological difference which what makes people male and female, while gender is what the society reinforces a person to be based on their expectations and behaviors of being a male and femaleRead MoreGender Socialization Essays1293 Words   |  6 PagesGender Socialization A baby is born and the doctor looks at the proud parents and says three simple words: Its a boy, or Its a girl! Before a newborn child even takes his or her first breath of life outside the mothers womb, he or she is distinguished and characterized by gender. The baby is brought home and dressed in clothes that help others identify the sex of the child. Baby boys are dressed in blue and baby girls are dressed in pink. The baby boy may be dressed in a blue shirtRead MoreGender Socialization And Gender Roles999 Words   |  4 PagesEarly gender socialization is perhaps one of the most relevant issues and debates of early childhood. The beginnings of stereotypes for gender roles are typically established at birth, and continue a process of learning specific cultural roles and standards in accordance with the sex of the individual. Gendered interactions begin early in the family and hence influence the process of gendered socialization, as was such the case for myself growing up. Socialization comes from a number of sources:Read MoreEssay On Gender Socialization1574 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Socialization and Children’s Retail Children are known for absorbing information from the world around them. Therefore, what children are exposed to while they are growing is important, as they learn a lot from the world around them. In this paper, the process of gender socialization will be discussed and examined. In specific, how retail marketed for young children may have an effect on their development, especially as they distinguish gender. Socialization is general the process

Cyber Crimes And Financial Institutions - 1857 Words

With the creation of the Internet came a whole new list of crimes targeting U.S. Banks and Financial Institutions. Crimes involving phishing, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), and Malware to name a few are becoming more advanced and widespread on a global scale. The motivations behind these cyber-crimes are the safety of hiding behind a computer, can easily be conducted without being an expert at hacking, and profitability for the perpetrators is worth the risk (Singleton, T., Singleton, A., and Gottlieb, 2006). The data demonstrated that cyber-crimes targeting banks and financial institutions have overtaken the traditional bank robbery or bank fraud (Lesk, 2011; Holt Lampke, 2010). An analysis of the literature confirms that the U.S. economy is negatively affected by the cyber-hacking of U.S. banks and financial institutions, through monetary losses, and stock market loses. The literature acknowledges that banks and financial institutions are under a constant barrage of various forms of cyber-attacks in order electronically steal money, account credentials or create new fraudulent accounts. Lastly the literature reports that banks and financial institutions underreport or do not disclose the impact of cyber-crimes, and offers a few theories about why there is a lack of disclosure or no disclosure at all. Types of Cyber Attacks Targeting U.S. Banks and Financial Institutions U.S. banks, financial institutions and their customers are targeted by many forms ofShow MoreRelatedPolicy Memo For White Collar Crimes1573 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem. Big financial institutions are difficult to prosecute in white-collar crimes because of their influence. Write two (2) sentences that describe the problem in greater detail (what are the effects of the problem?) The Holder Doctrine, which comes from a memo created in 1999, has been the reason behind a lack of criminal prosecution against big companies that were part of the reason of the United States financial setback in 2008. Because of this much of the fraud that led to the financial crisisRead MoreCyber Espionage Attacks And Cyber Attacks1662 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Espionage Attacks This kind of attacks differ from other types of cyber-attacks as they have a different source from where the actual attack comes from, which is mainly from within the organization that is being attacked. It may be the most difficult type of attack in which organizations are able to defend themselves from, for example if the attack is emanating from an individual that holds a high rank within the company. Taking an example of the United States where the government has a processRead MoreThe Attack On Kaspersky Lab1091 Words   |  5 Pagesmulti-bank cyber heist which was discovered by Kaspersky Lab. According to the report, the hackers infiltrated banks’ network system using tactics such as phishing to gain access to sensitive data which was used to siphon money from banks. It was reported that, the cybercriminal ring, known as Carbanak, siphoned more than $1 billion from banks around the world (Kuranda). According to other sources, the criminals were not arrested and there were reports of attempted attacked to other financial institutionRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On Our Daily Lives1540 Words   |  7 Pagesserious threats. Since then essential services in most of the countries have operated via the ICT platform, attacks are prone to happen since there is a loophole of threat creation. Introduction What is cybercrime? Generally cybercrime refers to crime that is conducted via the internet portal or with the use of another computer network. Criminal activities that may be categorized as cybercrime may include, hacking, fraud, Credit card account theft among others. The American Department of JusticeRead MoreCom176 outline and thesis statement1246 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancement in technology are increasingly rising; however, our development of laws, law enforcement resources, and training to combat cyber crimes are inadequate. Outline: I. Introduction Societies dependence and advancement in technology are increasingly rising; however, our development of laws, law enforcement resources, and training to combat cyber crimes are inadequate. Technology changes at very fast rate, before you know it the processors and programs we are currently using quicklyRead MoreA Report On Suntrust Bank1671 Words   |  7 Pages SunTrust Bank is one of the nation s largest financial institutions established in 1891and has it s headquarter stationed in Atlanta Georgia. The bank offers a wide range of financial services from personal checking, mortgages, credit cards, investments and loans to consumers, businesses, commercial and corporate firms and has several branches and ATM across parts of the country but mainly in the Southern States like Georgia, Maryland, Washington D.C and Virginia. During the fiscal year inRead MoreThe Patriot Act Title Vii Section 814 And 8161429 Words   |  6 PagesSection 814 and 816. These sections of the Patriot Act protects the citizens of The United States from the world’s newest form of terror; Cyber-Terrorism. The aim is to explain this law, its adequacies, and inadequacies in detail and t o offer suggestions and solutions for its shortcomings. Commission of Cyber Terrorism In 2013, a man, investigators named the â€Å"Sexual Cyber Terrorist† extorted over 350 women by hacking into their email accounts and baiting them into giving him nude photos. If the women didRead MoreCyber Incident Response Plan For Cyber Attack1136 Words   |  5 Pagesattack. We should write a well-developed cyber incident response plan that includes all the protocols to responses. Our plan should generally have these following components, such as response team, reporting, initial response, investigation, recovery and follow up, public relations, and law enforcement. The job of the response team is to develop cyber incident response plan and for investing and responding to cyber attack. They will identify and classify cyber attack sceneries, and figuring out whatRead MoreCyber Security And The Banking Industry1029 Words   |  5 PagesEric Frain Term Paper Financial Markets/ Institutions Cyber security in the Banking Industry In this day and age where technology has become more common, there has been problems developing over cyber security. According to Cybersecurity Report 2016, â€Å"Cybercrime has jumped to the second most reported economic crime PWC’s Global Economic Crime Survey and financial institutions are the prime target† (p.1). Financial institutions need answers to how the hackers find the weaknesses in their systemsRead MoreThe Four Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesthis writing assignment, I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in combating computer crime. First, we will define the four major categories of computer crimes. -The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred to

Marketing Management Analysis

Questions: Your task is to prepare a report containing information that may be used for a marketing plan.Identify one product/service from your own business or from another business with which you are familiar. In your report you should include: The current marketing situation with background data on the market segments, product, competition, and distribution. Keep this discussion brief. Market analysis through a SWOT analysis. Make sure to discuss the SWOT analysis adequately. Objectives with goals for sales volume, market share and profit. These goals should be realistic but may have to be somewhat hypothetical because of the lack of time and absence of market research to provide better ones. Marketing strategies with details of the 4Ps (i.e. Product, Place, Price, Promotion). Answers: Introduction: Marc Tarpenning and Martin Eberhard founded the company Tesla in the year 2003. Once the company went public in the year 2010, the revenue generated has increased by 2.44 billion dollars and thus the profit amounted to 456.26 million dollars. The name of the company Tesla was due to Nikola Tesla who was the creator of induction motor and alternating current power. The company could manufacture quality products due to the brilliance by Nikola Tesla (teslamotors.com 2016). The company Tesla is into the manufacturing of eco friendly stylish cars, which was driven by electricity. The company Tesla is going to enter the Australian market in the coming year and wants to increase their sales of the cars and more specifically their new launch i.e. Model 3 into the market. Market Segment: The products of Tesla Motors are more demanded by male population. The Roadster Model is more preferred by the upper class business executives, as they like to travel in luxury cars. These types of cars are not designed for the common person, as the down payment is 100000 dollars. The main reason for the marketing manager to enter the market of Australia is due to the demand electricity based cars as people are trying to get more eco friendly and they are also tech savvy (Hutt and Speh 2013) . The Model 3 was priced in Australia as 40k dollars (Chernev 2012). The company Tesla to increase their future marketing in Australia is trying to reach out for more number of customers. The target for the company is the youth of the country Australia. The age groups of these are early 20s to mid 40s (Hollensen 2012). This type of adults they belong to the middle class. The company is trying to increase their capacity, as there is a more demand for such luxury cars. The target market is the young professionals who are looking for the luxury cars at an affordable rate. When the cars are priced at 30000 dollars it shows that, many of the people are not willing to purchase as that was not affordable. This was reflected in the NADA Data. The company is trying to bring out the best in the entry level luxury car so that it helps in providing added benefit. The electric cars are generally thought to perform much lesser than that of the fuel enabled cars but Teslas electric cars has also shown remarkable performance. The young buyers they were not attracted towards the electric cars as it did not provide design and performance like that of the fuel-based cars. The company Tesla Motors want to enter the Australian market and change their mentality towards electricity enabled cars. The lower the price quoted for the new car there will be more customers for its products. There will be a huge rise in the sales as the customers they are looking out for the entry-level luxury cars (Jolibert 2012). The electric cars are preferred as there are no emissions. Moreover, the customers they longer have to rely on the fuel as a result the customers will be able to save money. Product: The company Tesla motors sells luxury cars under its name. The car which is the top seller is Model S. The models that are equally demand like that of Model S is the Model X and Roadster. The company is trying to launch their latest model i.e. Model 3 in the market of Australia in the coming year (teslamotors.com 2016). Competition and Distribution: There are mainly four types of competitors in Australian market: General Motors Toyota This company is a major threat for Tesla as GM is renowned for its expertise and luxury cars, The Company Tesla has so decided to enter the luxury market through the offering of cars price at 30000 dollars (Clow and Baack, 2012). The electric car market is yet to be intervened by the company GM but it has introduced model Volt that was not a fully electric based car. The feature of the car would be including battery that would help in running for 40 miles before there is a recharge by 1.0L turbo gas charged. This would make the Volt to run for 640 miles on the high way (Kotler and Keller 2012). The company is already running hybrid cars but there is strong determination that it would be entering into the electric vehicle markets The company is based in Japan but it would be entering into the economy of Australia so that it can make the hybrid market more famous (Glynn and Woodside 2012). Prius is a hybrid car offered by Toyota, which offers home charging station and battery pack. Prius model is fully electric based. The above design by Toyota will lead company Tesla to offer electric sedan at different prices. BMW Daimler AD The major competitors of Tesla is BMW as the company is focusing on the entry of the luxury , high performance, lower emission and lower consumption of electricity based cars in the market. There will be electric cars available in the market at a more competitive rate, which is a major challenge for Tesla Motors. The company BMW has come up with the electric vehicle called the i3 so that there is individual mobility The model that is made by the BMW will be having their own type electric motors. The company has brought into the market the Mercedez Benz B class which would soon be in sale in the Australian market The charging of the system of B class will be done by SLS AMG Coupe E cell (Keegan and Green 2013). SWOT Analysis: Strength Weakness The focus is on investing on technology of the company The company Tesla adopts a lean management process Strategic relationship with the competitors The company faces the problem of liquidity. Shortage in the manufacturing of lithium batteries Lack of modern expertise Opportunity Threat Increased sale as there is a demand for eco friendly cars Government subsidy on production Competitors selling similar products at lower price Competitors coming up with hydrogen enabled vehicles. SWOT in detail: Strength: The cost will be kept low through the secondary component and the focus should be centered on the technological development. This would help in establishing a strong department of Rand D. The system of management for the company Tesla motors is lean which helps in reducing the cost of operation and the workers they work in the cheap and small-decorated offices. This helps in reducing complexity and encourages more trust between the employees and the manager. In order to provide benefit to each, there is a strategic relationship established by the company Tesla Motors with the companies like Panasonic, Toyota Motors and Daimler. Weakness: The company Tesla Motors faces a strong liquidity problem. The company had a huge sales in the year 2013 for Model S still there was loss of amount 70 million dollars as a result there was a large amount of debt , higher cost of operation and slow demand from the client. The capacity of manufacturing is very limited and this is a setback for the company to meet the demand of the future customers. The batter cells based on lithium is also short in supply (Philip Kotler et al. 2013) The company is a not a renowned company like that of the Ford or GM. The expertise is still not efficient enough for the company and need proper enhancement. Opportunity: The significant change involves propagating the benefits of the use of electric cars and their environmental benefits.Since electric cars are environmental friendly so the government is encouraging more amount of subsidies so that the company is able to grow and attract new customers. Threat: There are innumerable sellers of electric cars in the market who sells cars at a much affordable rate. This has led to immense competition for the company Tesla Motors. The competitors they are trying to base their vehicles through the energy use like the hydrogen-powered vehicles that gives the same level of performance. Objectives with sales volume, profit and market share: There is a great demand for the electric cars in the Australian market. With the development in the technology, there are more charging stations and batteries developed. Since there is rise in the price of the petroleum product , there is more demand for the electric or the hybrid vehicles. The electric cars generally do not appeal people easily so there is a need for the marketing technique. The company Tesla Motors in the coming 2016-2017 wants to increase the market share of electric vehicles. The company would try and capture more than 20% of the market in Australia. The objective of the volume of sales is approximately 50000 to 100000 cars. The expected profit is likely to be 316079033 in the year 2016 while it would rise by 516320752 in the year 2017. Marketing Strategies: The marketing strategy of Tesla would involve product, price, place and promotion of the Model 3. All these are interrelated for an effective marketing strategy. Marketing strategy is important to achieve the targeted sales. The use of the marketing strategy will help in creating the product that will help in making of profit (Farrington 2012). The marketing strategy takes into account the market place research through the consideration of the targeted customers. The strategy adopted for marketing will help in deciding the correct price for the product as per the market research (Lee and Carter 2012). Since Tesla is targeting the youth generation of Australia so there is a need for the price to be quoted reasonably. Marketing is maximized when the target customer, product and the price is set perfectly. Sales of the product will be maximized when the company Tesla incorporates promotional techniques. Thus, the 4 Ps of marketing as per marketing strategy of Tesla are as follows: Product: The Company Tesla Motors is coming up with the Model 3, which is an electric vehicle that is designed for the younger generation in the Australian market. The main reason for electric vehicles is less demanded by the youths. Place: The Company to market its product has selected some of the important cities like Perth, Melbourne Canberra and Sydney. Price: The Company Tesla Motors in Australia will charge at 40000 dollars, which after a rebate tax would lower the price to around 32500 dollars. Promotion: The company Tesla Motors wants to increase the market share of electric vehicles in the Australian market. In order to fulfill that objective the communication channels that it can adopt. Loyalty Programs: The company Tesla Motors ensures that they are going to be comfortable and safe in the vehicles. The companys loyalty programs will help the family of the customers to enjoy some added benefits from the purchase of the car. With special promotion, the premium customers of Tesla would be purchasing another car for their family for which they could avail a large discount, free service for car and after sales services within the validity of the promotional package (Mooradian, Matzler and Ring, 2012). The promotion will be valid for a period of four years with the maximum benefit. Test Drive campaigns: Test drive will help in creating brand awareness and the genuine purchasers can test the car before they actually purchase the car (Sethna, Jones and Harrigan, 2013).There will be test drive campaigns in all the targeted cities of Australia. The cities that are targeted are Perth, Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney. It is expected that there would be 50% of sales in these selected cities. The teams who are promoting the brand throughout the campaign will be provided with lodging and food. Websites and Social Media: The company website of Tesla Motors will help in the advertising of the new car that being launched by the company. The details of the new car need to be promoted through the website of the company. The website is the place where more number of customers would be visiting for knowing about the new brand (Penaloza, Toulouse and Visconti, 2012).The social media forum would be used for the purpose of promotion of the events outdoors (Clow and Baack 2012). The maximum exposure or effect of a promotion will be made when it is shown on the home page Advertising through Google: Google Ad words can be used for advertising of the product of Tesla Motors in the Australian market. The advertising will be targeted towards electric and the hybrid cars. Advertisement would be made through the pay per click model (Belch and Belch 2012). Media: The use of the newspaper is the traditional method through which the targeted population can be made aware (Peter and Donnelly 2013). The local newspapers of Australia are The Guardian, Sydney Morning Herald and The Australian. There will be advertisement given on the front page in black and white or colored advertisements (Anderson 2012). Recommendation: Global marketing is in this scenario is indeed a great concept. The leveraging of the marketing strategy across a number of markets is quite beneficial. This will help in higher degree of consistency and saves the resources and the efforts. There is a need for the clarification the things that is to be considered globally and that which is managed locally. The local aspects are present in the global marketing approach . It must be noted that they are complementary The marketing area that help in leading into global level is marketing planning , budgeting , branding , creating market campaigns and global PR. Local marketing involves local social media , partnerships and Tesla Motors should select marketing strategy as per it. The global concept of marketing is much different to the local markets as there are cultural differences across the countries. There is a need for Tesla Motors to understand the local market and develop a close relationship with the local team for marketing. The campaigns in case of marketing needs to managed like an army operation. There is a need for appointing a global campaign manager who would be responsible for delivering results. Effective communication is very important for running a campaign, as this will help company Tesla Motors to establish a relationship with the customers. Conclusion: The Australian market of electric vehicles is highly competitive s o the company Tesla Motors needs to adopt the necessary marketing strategy for overcoming the barriers. The renowned manufacturers like BMW, Ford, General Motors and Mercedes dominate the electric vehicles market. The company Tesla Motors is a startup company Australia but the sound technology and innovation it is likely that it is also going to come in par with the other major competitors. The customers are eyeing for this product, as they are interested in purchasing affordable luxury cars, which is environment friendly. The company Tesla Motors needs to know about the internal and the external market of Australia to become a leading company in the Australia electronic vehicle car market. References: Anderson, D. (2012).Strategic marketing planning for the small to medium-sized business. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Belch, G. and Belch, M. (2012).Advertising and promotion. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Chernev, A. (2012).Strategic marketing management. [Chicago, Ill.]: Cerebellum Press. Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2012).Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2012).Integrated advertising, promotion, and marketing communications. Boston: Prentice Hall. Farrington, A. (2012).Promotional Media and Promotional Content in Marketing. New Delhi: World Technologies. Glynn, M. and Woodside, A. (2012).Business-to-business marketing management. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Hollensen, S. (2012).Essentials of global marketing. Harlow: Pearson. Hutt, M. and Speh, T. (2013).Business marketing management. Australia: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Jolibert, A. (2012).Marketing management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Keegan, W. and Green, M. (2013).Global marketing. Boston: Pearson. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lee, K. and Carter, S. (2012).Global marketing management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mooradian, T., Matzler, K. and Ring, L. (2012).Strategic marketing. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Penaloza, L., Toulouse, N. and Visconti, L. (2012).Marketing management. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. (2013).A preface to marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. (2013).Marketing management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Philip Kotler, P., Keller, K., Swee Hoon Ang, S., Leong, S. and Tan, C. (2013).Marketing Management: an Asian Perspective. 6th ed. Pearson.

Thesis for health disparities free essay sample

Disparities in Mental Health Care with Regards to Racial and Ethnic Cofactors There are many significant differences among racial and ethnic groups pertaining to mental health and mental health services. Via this topic, disparities among racial and ethnic groups have arisen and been studied and researched in magnitude. Mental health disparities among racial and ethnic groups can be attributed, but not limited to: access to health care, quality of care received, and the cost variances of mental health services among differing racial and ethnic groups. Research and data statistics have been obtained that focus on the underlying factors contributing to the disparities of each of these key points. Access to health care, quality of care, and cost variances among ethnicities will be discussed in depth independently. Laterally, emphasis will also been placed on preventative measures that may be implemented in order to lessen the gap in mental health care outcomes between different socioeconomic groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis for health disparities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Mental Health Services. Through ample studies and research, it has been concluded that there are indeed significant differences in mental health services among racial and ethnic groups. But where do the variances originate? Many factors influence the disparities of racial and ethnic mental health care, and equality can be significantly obscured from the very beginning of the spectrum. Cook, McGuire, and Miranda (2007) conducted a study based on the Institute of Medicine definition of racial-ethnic disparities. Data was obtained from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. Trends in data were examined over 2000-2001 and 2003-2004 and compared respectively. One point of interest in this study was the measurements of any mental health visit made by African Americans, Hispanics, and white Americans over these two specific trend periods. These data revealed a descending trend in the mental health care access amongst African-American-white and Hispanic-white populations over the studied time periods. It can be inferred that the overall mental health system provides less care/access of care to minority African-Americans and Hispanics than it offers to whites. An additional study by Howell (2008) examined disparities in treatment seeking among ethnicities, more specifically emphasizing the differences in youth in rural and urban areas. The research in this particular study signifies that there are marginal differences in the receipt of mental health care among racial minority groups and their counterparts. Hispanic and black children proved to receive less mental health services than their white youth counterparts in urban areas. Further, the disparity is parallel in Hispanic children in rural areas. It is suggested by this study that the recognition of disparities among minority youth is essential to correcting the issue. Howell proposes that parents, teachers, and other community members should implicate methods to push for equalization of mental health services in both rural and urban areas. According to Solway, Estes, Goldberg, and Berry (2010), access of mental health treatment is directly related to factors other than simply incompetency or lack of uniformity across the health services spectrum. This study takes a look at racial and ethnic disparities in a group of older, racially diverse adults and their relative mental health accessibility. In the compiled list of explanations for accessibility, Solway et al. (2010) state that for some older generations in various ethnicities, accessibility is an option. The older people of some ethnic groups view mental health detriments as a norm that comes along with old age. Due to the â€Å"normality† of mental degeneration and aging, they look to family members for support and rely on traditions such as home remedies and osteopathic-type therapies as opposed to seeking professional treatment and prescribed medication. Because some ethnicities’ elderly populations use this tactic, there is lower demand for mental health professionals, thus a smaller supply. This article describes accessibility of mental care as an â€Å"option† rather than a deficit of adequate mental health care providers. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Utilization of Mental Health Care One of the key factors that contribute to the disparities of mental health care among racial and ethnic groups is the differing percentages within populations that actually seek and utilize mental health services with respect to each group. Furthermore, there are specific motives that cause an individual or group of individuals to seek mental health treatment or, alternatively, decide against it. Shim, Compton, Rust, Druss, and Kaslow (2009) constructed a study that observed data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Their findings accentuated the decisions of racial and ethnic groups on whether or not to seek mental health care based on attitudes and perspectives of mental care. The study compared minority groups to non-Hispanic whites and the rates at which each group sought treatment. Shim et al. (2009) proved that race-ethnicity was a contributing factor to attitudes towards seeking mental treatment. It was concluded that African-Americans, Hispanics, and Latinos had a more positive attitude and greater willingness towards seeking mental health services, and therefore obtained a greater amount of care with respect to non-Hispanic whites. Coinciding, the same minority groups had lesser reported embarrassment of seeking treatment. Alvidrez, Shumway, Morazes, and Boccellari (2011) provide results of a study they conducted explicitly on females seeking mental treatment following sexual assault victimization. The study examined a sample group of 104 women of white, black, Latin, or other ethnicities that had been sexually assaulted. The focus was turned to women who pursued mental health treatment (offered free of charge) after they had been a victim of sexual assault. The conclusions of this research draw to the fact that even though all ethnic groups sampled were equal in terms of needing mental health attention after such a tragic event, black women were less likely to follow up their assault with mental care than white women. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment and Quality of Mental Health Care Two key areas thus far have been the general foci of racial disparities in mental illness treatment; accessibility and utilization. Perhaps the subject matter that contributes to the most substantial differences in mental health services among race is the actual treatment itself; the inconsistencies in quality of care by the provider. Data obtained from the National Comorbidity Survey from 1990-2003 exposes greater disparities in mental health care quality pertaining to ethnic minority groups relative to whites (Ault-Brutus, 2012). A large part of these said disparities can be paid due to bias. Bias is pinpointed to be the main source of detriment in areas such as questionable diagnostic practices and limited provisions of optimum treatments. A particular article written by Snowden (2003) describes bias in health care, the different levels it is derived from; practitioners, practice networks, and communities, and how it negatively effects certain ethnic groups. He claims that one possibility for the intrusion of bias into mental health care services occurs when â€Å"†¦practitioners and mental health program administrators make unwarranted judgments about people on the basis of race or ethnicity. In a strict sense, it is these unwarranted views, reactions to a person ‘on the basis of perceived membership in a single human category, ignoring other category memberships and other personal attributes,’ that constitute bias†. Further elaborating on this view, McGuire and Miranda (2008) say that if a mental health practitioner exhibits some bias towards an individual of a certain ethnicity they impose discriminatory actions by exerting less effort in diagnosis and treatment. Their inappropriate expectations lead to inappropriate decisions and actions. Ault-Brutus (2012) suggests that more specified programs and policies should be implemented in order to increase mental health care quality among individuals from racial-ethnic minorities. Conclusion: Preventative Measures to Eliminate Disparities among Races and Ethnicities in Mental Health Care It is apparent that there are several underlying factors contributing to the disparities in mental health care among differing racial-ethnic groups. Accessibility to mental health care can attribute to the varying levels of health care received between minority and majority groups. The utilization or perceived usefulness of mental health treatment can also contribute to higher or lower levels of mental health care. Where some ethnic groups see it necessary that mental help be easily attainable, others see it as a trivial service to their own home remedies, traditions, and family support systems. Lastly, and arguably the most significant factor in racial disparities, quality of care administered to patients of different ethnicities can skew the equality substantially. So how do we go about lessening the gap between health services received by minority groups versus majority groups? One way is to make sure that the physicians administering professional treatment are aware of the present disparities and that they are making a conscious effort to eliminate negative attitudes geared towards any one racial or ethnic group when performing treatment. In a study by Mallinger and Lambert (2010), 374 random psychiatrists were pulled for observation and questioning on this particular topic. Most of the studied psychiatrists stated that they were either completely unaware or hardly familiar with the topic of mental health care disparities among racial groups. Other tactics of closing the gap between racial and ethnic groups in regards to mental health care could be to implement plans that target minority groups and publicize the issue of inequality in health services to minority groups. A standard could be set and monitored by government ran agencies that equalize mental health services across the board. Peng (2009) suggests that â€Å"†¦interventions in the form of, for example, policies to eliminate institutional forms of discrimination, to improve economic conditions for poverty or low income groups or, at the local level, to build community capital within minority neighborhoods with the aim of fostering health† are some starting points for creating equality among mental health care in all ethnicities. Mental health disparities among racial and ethnic groups are an obvious concern that can negatively affect many groups across the map. It should be the role of the community to take preventative action to impose equality in health care for all.