Ancient China - Periods and Dynasties

Chinese recorded history goes back more than 3000 years and if you add archaeological evidence (including Chinese pottery), another millennium and a half, to roughly 2500 B.C. The center of Chinese government moved repeatedly throughout this period, as China absorbed more of eastern Asia. This article looks at the conventional divisions of the history of China into eras and dynasties, starting with the earliest about which we have any information and continuing through to Communist China. Events of the past, if not forgotten, are teachings about the future. - Sima Qian, Chinese historian of the late second century B.C. The focus here is on the period of ancient Chinese history that begins with the advent of writing (as also for the Ancient Near East, Mesoamerica, and the Indus Valley) and ends with the period that corresponds best with a conventional date for the end of antiquity. Unfortunately, this date makes sense only in Europe: A.D. 476. That year is in the middle of the relevant Chinese period, the Southern Song and Northern Wei Dynasties, and is of no special significance for Chinese history. Neolithic First, according to historian Sima Qian, who chose to begin his Shiji (Records of the Historian) with the Yellow Emperor tale, Huang Di unified tribes along the Yellow River valley nearly 5,000 years ago. For these achievements, he is considered the founder of the Chinese nation and culture. Ever since 200BC, Chinese rulers, imperial and otherwise, have considered it politically convenient to sponsor an annual memorial ceremony in his honor. [URL www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/05/04/2003306109] Taipei Times - Dumping the Yellow Emperor Myth The Neolithic (neonew lithicstone) Period of Ancient China lasted from about 12,000 until about 2000 B.C. Hunting, gathering, and agriculture were practiced during this period. Silk was also produced from mulberry leaf-fed silkworms. The pottery forms of the Neolithic period were painted and black, representing the two cultural groups, Yangshao (in the mountains of the north and west of China) and Lungshan (in the plains in eastern China), as well as utilitarian forms for daily use. Xia It had been thought that the Xia were a myth, but radiocarbon evidence for this Bronze Age people suggests that the period ran from 2100 to 1800 B.C. Bronze vessels found at Erlitou along the Yellow River, in northern central China, also attest to the reality of the Xia. The agrarian Xia were ancestors of the Shang. More on the Xia Reference: [URL www.nga.gov/exhibitions/chbro_bron.shtm] The Golden Age of Classical Archaeology Beginning of the Historical Era: Shang The truth about the Shang (c. 1700-1027 B.C.), who, like the Xia, had been considered mythical, came as a result of the discovery of the writing on oracle bones. It is traditionally believed that there were 30 kings and 7 capitals of the Shang. The ruler lived at the center of his capital. The Shang had bronze weapons and vessels, as well as earthenware. The Shang are credited with inventing Chinese writing because there are written records, notably the oracle bones. More on the Shang Dynasty Zhou The Zhou were originally semi-nomadic and had co-existed with the Shang. The dynasty began with Kings Wen (Ji Chang) and Zhou Wuwang (Ji Fa) who were considered ideal rulers, patrons of the arts, and descendants of the Yellow Emperor. The great philosophers flourished in the Zhou period. They banned human sacrifice. The Zhou developed a feudal-like system of allegiance and government that lasted as long as any other dynasty in the world, from about 1040-221 B.C. It was adaptable enough that it survived when barbarian invaders forced the Zhou to move their capital to the East. The Zhou period is sub-divided into: Western Zhou 1027-771 B.C.Eastern Zhou 770-221 B.C.770-476 B.C. -- Spring and Autumn period475-221 B.C. -- Warring States period During this period, iron tools were developed and population exploded. During the Warring States Period, only the Qin defeated their enemies. More on the Zhou Dynasty Qin The Qin Dynasty, which lasted from 221-206 B.C., was begun by the architect of the Great Wall of China, the first emperor, Qin Shihuangdi (aka Shi Huangdi or Shih Huang-ti) (r. 246/221 [start of the empire] -210 B.C.). The wall was built to repel nomadic invaders, the Xiongnu. Highways were also built. When he died, the emperor was buried in an enormous tomb with a terra cotta army for protection (alternatively, servants). During this period the feudal system was replaced by a strong central bureaucracy. The second emperor of the Qin was Qin Ershi Huangdi (Ying Huhai) who ruled from 209-207 B.C. The third emperor was the King of Qin (Ying Ziying) who ruled in 207 B.C. More on the Qin Dynasty Han The Han Dynasty, which was founded by Liu Bang (Han Gaozu), lasted for four centuries (206 B.C.- A.D. 8, 25-220). During this period, Confucianism became state doctrine. China had contact with the west via the Silk Road during this period. Under Emperor Han Wudi, the empire expanded into Asia. The dynasty is to divided into a Western Han and an Eastern Han because there was a split following the unsuccessful attempt by Wang Mang to reform the government. At the end of the Eastern Han, the empire was divided into three kingdoms by powerful warlords. More on the Han Dynasty Political disunity followed the collapse of the Han Dynasty. This was when the Chinese developed gunpowder -- for fireworks. Next: Three Kingdoms and Chin (Jin) Dynasty Source of Quote Archaeology and Chinese Historiography, by K. C. Chang. World Archaeology, Vol. 13, No. 2, Regional Traditions of Archaeological Research I (Oct., 1981), pp. 156-169. Ancient Chinese Pages From Kris Hirst: Archaeology at About.com Longshan CultureA Neolithic culture of the Yellow River Valley.Beixin CultureAnother Neolithic Chinese culture.DawenkouLate Neolithic period of Shandong Province.Shandong Excavations Six Dynasties Three Kingdoms After the Han Dynasty of ancient China there was a period of constant civil war. The period from 220 to 589 is often called the period of 6 dynasties, which covers the Three Kingdoms, Chin Dynasty, and Southern and Northern Dynasties. At the start, the three leading economic centers of the Han Dynasty (the Three  kingdoms) tried to unify the land: The Cao-Wei Empire (220-265) from northern ChinaThe Shu-Han Empire (221-263) from the west, andThe Wu Empire (222-280) from the east, the most powerful of the three, based on a system of confederation of powerful families, which conquered the Shu in A.D. 263. During the period of the three kingdoms, tea was discovered, Buddhism spread, Buddhist pagodas were built, and porcelain was created. Chin Dynasty Also known as the  Jin Dynasty  (A.D. 265-420), the dynasty was started by Ssu-ma Yen (Sima Yan), who ruled as Emperor Wu Ti from A.D. 265-289. He reunified China in 280 by conquering the Wu kingdom. After reuniting, he ordered the disbanding of the armies, but this order was not uniformly obeyed. The Huns eventually defeated the  Chin,  but were never very strong. The Chin fled their capital, in Luoyang, ruling from 317-420, in  Jiankan  (modern Nanking), as the Eastern Chin (Dongjin). The earlier Chin period (265-316) is known as the Western Chin (Xijin). The culture of the Eastern Chin, remote from the Yellow River plains, developed a different culture from that of northern China. The Eastern Chin  were  the first of the Southern dynasties. Northern and Southern Dynasties Another period of disunity, the period of the Northern and Southern dynasties lasted from 317-589. The Northern Dynasties were The Northern Wei (386-533)The Eastern Wei (534-540)The Western Wei (535-557)The Northern Qi (550-577)The Northern Zhou (557-588) The Southern Dynasties were The Song (420-478)The Qi (479-501)The Liang (502-556)The Chen (557-588) The remaining dynasties are clearly medieval or modern and so are beyond the scope of this site: Classical Imperial ChinaSui 580-618 A.D. This short dynasty had two emperors Yang Chien (Emperor Wen Ti), an official of the northern Zhou, and his son Emperor Yang. They built canals and fortified the Great Wall on the northern frontier and began expensive military campaigns.Tang 618-907 A.D. The Tang composed a penal code and started a land distribution project to help the peasants, and expanded the empire into Iran, Manchuria, and Korea. White, true porcelain was developed.Five Dynasties 907-960 A.D.907-923 -- Later Liang923-936 -- Later Tang936-946 -- Later Jin947-950 -- Later Han951-960 -- Later ZhouTen Kingdoms A.D. 907-979Song A.D. 960-1279 Gunpowder was used in siege warfare. Foreign trade expanded. Neo-Confucianism developed.960-1125 -- Northern Song1127-1279 -- Southern SongLiao A.D. 916-1125Western Xia A.D. 1038-1227Jin A.D. 1115-1234Later Imperial ChinaYuan A.D. 1279-1368 China was ruled by MongolsMing A.D. 1368-1644 A peasant, Hongwu, led the revolt against the Mongolian s to form this dynasty, which improved conditions for peasants. Most of the  Great Wall  known today was built or repaired during the Ming Dynasty.Qing A.D. 1644-1911 The Manchu (from Manchuria) ruled China. They instituted dress and hair policies for Chinese men. They unsuccessfully outlawed footbinding.

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Analysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address

Problem: In 1789 George Washington’s Farewell Address contained one major piece of advice to the county regarding relations with other nations: â€Å"avoid entangling alliances.† Those words shaped United States foreign policy for more than a century (Policy Making, American Government). Today some Americans think that Washington’s words are still wise ones, and that the United States (U.S.) should withdraw from world affairs whenever possible. In truth, however, the United States has been embroiled in world politics throughout the 20th century, and as a result, foreign policy takes up a great deal of government’s time, energy, and money. If isolationism has become outdated, what kind of foreign policy does the United States follow, if any? In the years after World War II, the United States was guided generally by containment—the policy of keeping communism from spreading beyond the countries already under its influence. The policy applied to a wor ld divided by the Cold War, a struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. Recent events such as ongoing civil unrest in Syria, the 11 Sept 2011 Benghazi attack on our U.S. consulate, as well as the ongoing annexation in the Ukraine, are indicators the U.S. is deficient in its Foreign Policy initiatives. Accordingly, I will articulate the stated problem by determining, (a) causes of the problem, (b) providing alternate solutions, (c) selecting the best alternative and finally, how I, as the President of the United States,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address954 Words   |  4 PagesThe document, George Washington, Farewell Address, was a letter written to the citizens of the United States of America. It allowed outgoing President Washington to give advice on how to maintain the nation after he was gone. 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GUI Interaction Design Process Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the GUI Interaction Design Process. Answer: GUI Design: GUI Interaction Design Process A GUI or the graphical user interface is termed as an interface which is considered to be graphics oriented. The main consideration of this format was adopted for keeping the graphics in the programming languages and other applications[1]. As the old methods of application userface was considered to be text based the need for graphical interfaces were adopted. A graphical user interface uses many metaphors which denote the use of objects. It may use desktops or views or even the physical layout considered in a building. The main elements of a graphical user interface are considered to be pulling down menus, windows, buttons, and images as icons, scroll bars, wizards and many other things which help in giving shape to the structure. According to the integration pipeline of the SIA interface, there are two paths to the service points. One is the normal path without the presence of any routing processes and the other is the one with a routing process. The graphical user interface interaction process is adopted as it aims to create an interactive design considering the developers of the system and the users of the system[2]. Another major objective of implementing the GUI process is to provide simple level of interaction with the users. The main functionalities included in the interaction process of the GUI are: Developing of a system by adopting a user centered approach Evaluating the prototypes after making a successful design format The usability criteria of the aspects are always to be considered The design of the specific parameters are to be focused on utilizing the ease level so that a better understanding of the application processes will be utilized. The major objectives of this process are the development and design of a web application for a client at Sigma. This will be considered from the perspective of a designer[3]. The client is an employee of the company concerned. The user of this web application is the potential customers that the company deals with. Lastly, the designer is the author who will be responsible for the design of the web application. The needs and requirements of the client associated will be analyzed and a structured solution of the process will be given so that the perspective is enhanced. For the design process, the interactive design theory is to be followed. This design prospective will show some graphic pictures of the website in this report. The website will include various texts and images that are mainly to be used to grab the attention of the traffic that it will engage upon. GUI Implementation To make an implementation of the GUI designs, a prototype will be developed. The first method involves development of a low level implementation which will be termed as the Low-fi. This will be followed by the process of developing a high level implementation prototype[4]. This high level structure will then be evaluated until it meets all the criteria set by the client. In addition, it will also be used to conform to the quality standards. Lastly, the Angular JS will be utilized for making a connection between the front end and the back end aspects of the website. Vision plan The major objectives of this project involve a vision. This vision includes the designing of a low-fi prototype which is considered to be simple in processing[5]. This will be used o get a general idea of the requirements. This will also be used to develop the details of the design which are depicted in section 4.3, 4.4 and 4.6 of this report. This process will follow the implementation of a high level development known as the hi-fi model. This model will be made utilizing the HTML language and this model will be more detailed with extended features. This part is depicted in the section 4.5 of this report. The third step will involve the use of the angular JS which will basically be used to get the JSON data from the backend process of the website. The website will be mainly used to capture the attention of the customers[6]. In addition, as the website is involved with both the front end process and the backend process, it will be used to capture the data of the customers. The activities of the simulation pipeline will involve testing the valves between the entry point and the service point. Each of the valve processes will be tested before entry is guaranteed to the service point. In case of the configuration tool, the angular.Js JavaScript framework will be used for making the required framework. In a similar manner, the bootstrap.css will be used for web request part of the interface. The bootstrap framework will enable various other features like iconic images or other processes while the angular structure will enable the framework of the structure. The front end process will be utilized for capturing the traffic and making them signup in the process. The backend will present the accounts page of the user. This will provide a sense of security to the website. Lastly, the HTML code of the page will be linked to the JSON data which will be in turn linked to the PDF box, such that any required file can be obtained in the PDF format as well. Designing of the application The major elements of the bootstarp.css are mainly used for creating a layout of the interactive models in the website. This includes using the drop-down features of the website along with changing the layout to meet the needs of the client[7]. These features are mainly followed to adopt the interactive features of the application. For addressing such requirements, the overall accountability of the elements in this website must be carefully monitored. This process will help in accounting for any changes required in the development process which in turn will give a general idea of the modifications needed. The GUI elements are to include all the aspects which successfully capture the parameters accountable for the design of the website. The metrics for capturing the design specifications are to be successfully integrated in the website that allows in easy documentation of the data involved[8]. Along with this data, the entire information pertaining to the process must be successfully documented. According to the design phase of the website, there are five different components that are to be followed. The first component is the understanding the contents for use. This is the first phase of the design process where the requirements are analyzed and then the physical manifestation of the process is started. The next step is the identification of the user requirements. In this phase, the various stakeholders related to the project will be analyzed and the requirements related to it have to be analyzed[9]. As a result, the effectiveness of the system will be increased. The third phase involves the analysis of the design solutions. The design solutions will be utilized in denoting the overall content of the website. This includes denoting a front end design and a back end design. The additional features like the informative tab or the header design must also be analyzed and executed. The fourth phase involves utilizing the designs made and evaluating them to get a solution. If a f ully functional website is established, then the evaluation is considered to be successful[10]. The last phase involves analysis of the project by the clients who will verify the quality of the product. If the system is able to meet the demands of the client, then it is considered as success for the developer of the system. If the system is not able to meet the standards of the client, the whole process is started until an acceptable system is developed. Using these specifics, the major sections of the design phase must be made in a clear way such that it can be explained to the client as well as the logic behind such implementations can be specified. This report serves as an important platform which provides a reference tool for maintaining the application. The various methods of designs have been discussed in this report which presents an overview of the requirements needed. References Avdiienko, Vitalii, Konstantin Kuznetsov, Isabelle Rommelfanger, Andreas Rau, Alessandra Gorla, and Andreas Zeller. "Detecting behavior anomalies in graphical user interfaces." InSoftware Engineering Companion (ICSE-C), 2017 IEEE/ACM 39th International Conference on, pp. 201-203. IEEE, 2017. Dang, Shuping, Rinat Kakimzhanov, Min Zhang, and Amin Gholamzadeh. "Smart grid-oriented graphical user interface design and data processing algorithm proposal based on labview." InEnvironment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2014 14th International Conference on, pp. 323-327. IEEE, 2014. Doebelin, Nicola, and Reinhard Kleeberg. "Profex: a graphical user interface for the Rietveld refinement program BGMN."Journal of applied crystallography48, no. 5 (2015): 1573-1580. Drucker, Johanna.Graphesis: Visual forms of knowledge production. Harvard University Press, 2014. Fotouhi, Abbas, Neda Shateri, Daniel J. Auger, Stefano Longo, Karsten Propp, Rajlakshmi Purkayastha, and Mark Wild. "A MATLAB graphical user interface for battery design and simulation; from cell test data to real-world automotive simulation." InSynthesis, Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Methods and Applications to Circuit Design (SMACD), 2016 13th International Conference on, pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2016. Ma, Joyce, Lisa Sindorf, Isaac Liao, and Jennifer Frazier. "Using a tangible versus a multi-touch graphical user interface to support data exploration at a museum exhibit." InProceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, pp. 33-40. ACM, 2015. Nilsson, Michael. "Konfigurationsverktyg fr SIA." (2016). Priyam, Anurag, Ben J. Woodcroft, Vivek Rai, Alekhya Munagala, Ismail Moghul, Filip Ter, Mark Anthony Gibbins et al. "Sequenceserver: a modern graphical user interface for custom BLAST databases."Biorxiv(2015): 033142. Silva, Tiago C., Antonio Colaprico, Catharina Olsen, Gianluca Bontempi, Michele Ceccarelli, Benjamin P. Berman, and Houtan Noushmehr. "TCGAbiolinksGUI: A graphical user interface to analyze GDC cancer molecular and clinical data."bioRxiv(2017): 147496. Singer, Adam B. "The Graphical User Interface." InPractical C++ Design, pp. 115-144. Apress, Berkeley, CA, 2017.