Analysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address

Problem: In 1789 George Washington’s Farewell Address contained one major piece of advice to the county regarding relations with other nations: â€Å"avoid entangling alliances.† Those words shaped United States foreign policy for more than a century (Policy Making, American Government). Today some Americans think that Washington’s words are still wise ones, and that the United States (U.S.) should withdraw from world affairs whenever possible. In truth, however, the United States has been embroiled in world politics throughout the 20th century, and as a result, foreign policy takes up a great deal of government’s time, energy, and money. If isolationism has become outdated, what kind of foreign policy does the United States follow, if any? In the years after World War II, the United States was guided generally by containment—the policy of keeping communism from spreading beyond the countries already under its influence. The policy applied to a wor ld divided by the Cold War, a struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. Recent events such as ongoing civil unrest in Syria, the 11 Sept 2011 Benghazi attack on our U.S. consulate, as well as the ongoing annexation in the Ukraine, are indicators the U.S. is deficient in its Foreign Policy initiatives. Accordingly, I will articulate the stated problem by determining, (a) causes of the problem, (b) providing alternate solutions, (c) selecting the best alternative and finally, how I, as the President of the United States,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address954 Words   |  4 PagesThe document, George Washington, Farewell Address, was a letter written to the citizens of the United States of America. It allowed outgoing President Washington to give advice on how to maintain the nation after he was gone. He advised our politicians to act in good faith towards all nations and to make an effort to keep peace with other countries. He cautioned to remain connected to God, maintain high moral principles and to set a good example, one that is guided by a sense of justice and kindnessRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesChase Williams US History to 1865 Dr. Lisa Crutchfield October 14, 2015 George Washington s Farewell Address, Primary Source Analysis George Washington’s Presidential Farewell Address consisted of three critical elements that were considered vital for the functional survival of the country that had just won its independence. On September 19, 1796, President Washington advised the nation to stand together as one united country, warned the people about the dangers of political parties and heRead MoreWashington s Farewell Address Analysis1375 Words   |  6 Pages Washington’s Farewell Address Analysis Jennifer Trammell GOVT 200 – C04 Instructor Barber Opening statement Washington’s Farewell Address The major document we will be analyzing in this paper is George Washington’s â€Å"Farewell Address†. This was a very important document of its time and in order to analyze it fully it would be helpful to know a little more insight on the writing of and the reason it was written. Who is George Washington? George Washington was born in 1732, he grew upRead MoreAnalysis Of Washington s Farewell Address1656 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Washington’s Farewell Address in the Face of the Modern Era George Washington’s farewell address, published just prior to his retirement from the presidency in the fall of 1796, has long been esteemed as one of the most crucial documents for the original establishment of American policy in many areas. From setting a precedent for American neutrality during international wars to promoting the stewardship of public credit, Washington’s address has had a great influence on the paths thatRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pages1796 that George Washington gave his â€Å"Farewell Address.† This profoundly important message is still read each year in the Senate. On September 19, 1796, US President George Washington published his Farewell Address to the nation of citizens. 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GUI Interaction Design Process Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the GUI Interaction Design Process. Answer: GUI Design: GUI Interaction Design Process A GUI or the graphical user interface is termed as an interface which is considered to be graphics oriented. The main consideration of this format was adopted for keeping the graphics in the programming languages and other applications[1]. As the old methods of application userface was considered to be text based the need for graphical interfaces were adopted. A graphical user interface uses many metaphors which denote the use of objects. It may use desktops or views or even the physical layout considered in a building. The main elements of a graphical user interface are considered to be pulling down menus, windows, buttons, and images as icons, scroll bars, wizards and many other things which help in giving shape to the structure. According to the integration pipeline of the SIA interface, there are two paths to the service points. One is the normal path without the presence of any routing processes and the other is the one with a routing process. The graphical user interface interaction process is adopted as it aims to create an interactive design considering the developers of the system and the users of the system[2]. Another major objective of implementing the GUI process is to provide simple level of interaction with the users. The main functionalities included in the interaction process of the GUI are: Developing of a system by adopting a user centered approach Evaluating the prototypes after making a successful design format The usability criteria of the aspects are always to be considered The design of the specific parameters are to be focused on utilizing the ease level so that a better understanding of the application processes will be utilized. The major objectives of this process are the development and design of a web application for a client at Sigma. This will be considered from the perspective of a designer[3]. The client is an employee of the company concerned. The user of this web application is the potential customers that the company deals with. Lastly, the designer is the author who will be responsible for the design of the web application. The needs and requirements of the client associated will be analyzed and a structured solution of the process will be given so that the perspective is enhanced. For the design process, the interactive design theory is to be followed. This design prospective will show some graphic pictures of the website in this report. The website will include various texts and images that are mainly to be used to grab the attention of the traffic that it will engage upon. GUI Implementation To make an implementation of the GUI designs, a prototype will be developed. The first method involves development of a low level implementation which will be termed as the Low-fi. This will be followed by the process of developing a high level implementation prototype[4]. This high level structure will then be evaluated until it meets all the criteria set by the client. In addition, it will also be used to conform to the quality standards. Lastly, the Angular JS will be utilized for making a connection between the front end and the back end aspects of the website. Vision plan The major objectives of this project involve a vision. This vision includes the designing of a low-fi prototype which is considered to be simple in processing[5]. This will be used o get a general idea of the requirements. This will also be used to develop the details of the design which are depicted in section 4.3, 4.4 and 4.6 of this report. This process will follow the implementation of a high level development known as the hi-fi model. This model will be made utilizing the HTML language and this model will be more detailed with extended features. This part is depicted in the section 4.5 of this report. The third step will involve the use of the angular JS which will basically be used to get the JSON data from the backend process of the website. The website will be mainly used to capture the attention of the customers[6]. In addition, as the website is involved with both the front end process and the backend process, it will be used to capture the data of the customers. The activities of the simulation pipeline will involve testing the valves between the entry point and the service point. Each of the valve processes will be tested before entry is guaranteed to the service point. In case of the configuration tool, the angular.Js JavaScript framework will be used for making the required framework. In a similar manner, the bootstrap.css will be used for web request part of the interface. The bootstrap framework will enable various other features like iconic images or other processes while the angular structure will enable the framework of the structure. The front end process will be utilized for capturing the traffic and making them signup in the process. The backend will present the accounts page of the user. This will provide a sense of security to the website. Lastly, the HTML code of the page will be linked to the JSON data which will be in turn linked to the PDF box, such that any required file can be obtained in the PDF format as well. Designing of the application The major elements of the bootstarp.css are mainly used for creating a layout of the interactive models in the website. This includes using the drop-down features of the website along with changing the layout to meet the needs of the client[7]. These features are mainly followed to adopt the interactive features of the application. For addressing such requirements, the overall accountability of the elements in this website must be carefully monitored. This process will help in accounting for any changes required in the development process which in turn will give a general idea of the modifications needed. The GUI elements are to include all the aspects which successfully capture the parameters accountable for the design of the website. The metrics for capturing the design specifications are to be successfully integrated in the website that allows in easy documentation of the data involved[8]. Along with this data, the entire information pertaining to the process must be successfully documented. According to the design phase of the website, there are five different components that are to be followed. The first component is the understanding the contents for use. This is the first phase of the design process where the requirements are analyzed and then the physical manifestation of the process is started. The next step is the identification of the user requirements. In this phase, the various stakeholders related to the project will be analyzed and the requirements related to it have to be analyzed[9]. As a result, the effectiveness of the system will be increased. The third phase involves the analysis of the design solutions. The design solutions will be utilized in denoting the overall content of the website. This includes denoting a front end design and a back end design. The additional features like the informative tab or the header design must also be analyzed and executed. The fourth phase involves utilizing the designs made and evaluating them to get a solution. If a f ully functional website is established, then the evaluation is considered to be successful[10]. The last phase involves analysis of the project by the clients who will verify the quality of the product. If the system is able to meet the demands of the client, then it is considered as success for the developer of the system. If the system is not able to meet the standards of the client, the whole process is started until an acceptable system is developed. Using these specifics, the major sections of the design phase must be made in a clear way such that it can be explained to the client as well as the logic behind such implementations can be specified. This report serves as an important platform which provides a reference tool for maintaining the application. The various methods of designs have been discussed in this report which presents an overview of the requirements needed. References Avdiienko, Vitalii, Konstantin Kuznetsov, Isabelle Rommelfanger, Andreas Rau, Alessandra Gorla, and Andreas Zeller. "Detecting behavior anomalies in graphical user interfaces." InSoftware Engineering Companion (ICSE-C), 2017 IEEE/ACM 39th International Conference on, pp. 201-203. IEEE, 2017. Dang, Shuping, Rinat Kakimzhanov, Min Zhang, and Amin Gholamzadeh. "Smart grid-oriented graphical user interface design and data processing algorithm proposal based on labview." InEnvironment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2014 14th International Conference on, pp. 323-327. IEEE, 2014. Doebelin, Nicola, and Reinhard Kleeberg. "Profex: a graphical user interface for the Rietveld refinement program BGMN."Journal of applied crystallography48, no. 5 (2015): 1573-1580. Drucker, Johanna.Graphesis: Visual forms of knowledge production. Harvard University Press, 2014. Fotouhi, Abbas, Neda Shateri, Daniel J. Auger, Stefano Longo, Karsten Propp, Rajlakshmi Purkayastha, and Mark Wild. "A MATLAB graphical user interface for battery design and simulation; from cell test data to real-world automotive simulation." InSynthesis, Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Methods and Applications to Circuit Design (SMACD), 2016 13th International Conference on, pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2016. Ma, Joyce, Lisa Sindorf, Isaac Liao, and Jennifer Frazier. "Using a tangible versus a multi-touch graphical user interface to support data exploration at a museum exhibit." InProceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, pp. 33-40. ACM, 2015. Nilsson, Michael. "Konfigurationsverktyg fr SIA." (2016). Priyam, Anurag, Ben J. Woodcroft, Vivek Rai, Alekhya Munagala, Ismail Moghul, Filip Ter, Mark Anthony Gibbins et al. "Sequenceserver: a modern graphical user interface for custom BLAST databases."Biorxiv(2015): 033142. Silva, Tiago C., Antonio Colaprico, Catharina Olsen, Gianluca Bontempi, Michele Ceccarelli, Benjamin P. Berman, and Houtan Noushmehr. "TCGAbiolinksGUI: A graphical user interface to analyze GDC cancer molecular and clinical data."bioRxiv(2017): 147496. Singer, Adam B. "The Graphical User Interface." InPractical C++ Design, pp. 115-144. Apress, Berkeley, CA, 2017.

To Kill A Mocking Bird By Lee Essays (1089 words) -

To Kill A Mocking Bird By Lee The book To Kill a Mockingbird was written by Harper Lee. It was published in 1960 then it went on to win the Pulitzer prize in 1961 and was later made into an Academy Award winning film. Harper Lee always considered her book to be a simple love story. Today it is regarded as a masterpiece of American Literature. There are so many characters in this book that I can't name all of them. Here are most of the characters. The Finch family contains of Atticus (The head of the household), Aunt Alexandra (Atticus's sister), (Jem) Jeremy (The oldest of Atticus's two children), (Scout) Jean Louise (The youngest of the two . She also trys to be a boy by doing boy things). And you can't forget their black maid. Her name is Calpurnia. Miss Rachael is Dill's aunt that lives in Maycomb. Dill is a friends with Jem and Scout. According to Scout they are married. (Boo) Arthur Radley is the person that takes Jem back to his house after Jem gets hurt by Bob Ewell. Tom Robinson is a black man that was accused of raping Mayella Ewell. Bob Ewell is Mayella's father. He is out for revenge on Atticus for what he did to him and his daughter. Mayella is Bob's daughter who supposedly got raped by Tom Robinson. Judge Taylor is the Judge of Maycomb County. Heck Tate is the county law official. I think the protagonist in the story is Atticus Finch because he has the main part and he has the biggest decision to make. The decision being whether to defend or not to defend Tom Robinson. To Kill a Mockingbird is set in Maycomb County, an imaginary district in Southern Alabama. The time is the early 1930s, the years of the Great Depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread in the United States. The story begins during the summer when Scout and Jem meet a new playmate named Dill who has come from Mississippi to spend the summer with his Aunt Rachael. Dill is fascinated by the neighborhood gossip about "Boo" Radley. Egged on by Dill, Jem and Scout try to think up ways to lure him out of his house. Soon it is Summer again , and Dill returns for another visit. The children's plans for making contact with Boo Radley grew bolder this year, and on Dill's last night they decide to sneak up onto the Radley porch and spy on Boo. Jem goes first, but just as he reaches the window, Nathan Radley catches site of them and scares them off with a blast from a shot gun. Jem realizes that Boo is not a monster after all, but has been playing along with them. Scout does not figure this out until the winter, on the night that the house of their neighbor burns to the ground. While Scout is standing outside in the cold, someone sneaks up behind her and places a blanket around her. Later, Scout and Jem realize that there was only one person in town who has not already at work fighting the fire and that was Boo. Now that Jem and Scout realize that Boo is basically a kind person, their interest in the Radley family begins to fade. In the meantime, they learn that their father has become the defense lawyer for Tom Robinson, who is charged with raping Mayella Ewell. As the trial of Tom Robinson grows nearer, the children become more aware of the strong feeling it has aroused in everyone in Maycomb. One day their housekeeper takes Jem and Scout to visit her church, and the children realize for the first time that the black parishioners are supporting Tom Robinson's wife. Two nights before the trial is to start, a group of men come to the Finch house to tell Atticus about threats against Tom Robinson's life. Atticus spends the next night camped out at the jail to defend Tom from the mob. Jem, Scout and Dill go downtown to check on Atticus and arrive at the same time as a group of men, who have come to kill Tom. Scout recognizes one of the men in the group as Walter Cunningham. Her friendliness embarrasses the man so much that he and the mob leave. The next day, at the trial, Atticus" questions make it clear that Mayella and her father are lying about the rape. Neverless the jury convict him because their prejudices prevent them from

Ancient Philosophical Orientations essays

Ancient Philosophical Orientations essays Considering the events that occurred in the United States recently, the mathematical and humanistic orientation should be used to advise the U.S. citizens and help them deal with their problems. The mathematical orientation attempted to move from the material level to a general principle for all life. Pythagoras formulated this orientation. He stated that we know the world through our......................... Hippocrates was also a mathematician. He claimed that unity of numbers is the basis of life. The people in the U.S. could use this orientation. Firstly, it is stated that the world is distorted and artificial, this can be clearly seen in what occurred on the 11th of September. The distortions of this world are easily noticed and humans can sense them through our sense impressions. Through our senses we know the world. Secondly, it states that a more permanent reality exists in underlying relationships. The U.S. citizens should create those kinds of relationships to make themselves stronger and use their reasoning to get through this terrible situation. They can also follow Hippocrates, who states that the unity in numbers is the basis of life. If the U.S. people could stick together they would be able to deal with their problems together, which will make their problems easier to deal with. Americans should start believing that there is power in unity. Under the mathematical orientation it is also stated that humans beings should focus on perfection in their lives. They should try to live perfect lives. Perfection can only be developed by the perceptions that we create of the world. If we want to live perfect lives we can rise above the destruction and distortions in the world and become perfect ourselves. Therefore, Americans should rise above all the destruction that terrorists are creating in their lives, and try to get back on track and adjust to their lives as it is now. ...

The papacy of Pope Francis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The papacy of Pope Francis - Research Paper Example The recent election of Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglia in 2013 as Pope Francis brings to 266 the total number of popes in the history of the Catholic Church. Pope Francis has therefore, served for less than a year. Nonetheless, this paper focuses on the papacy of Pope Francis, including the challenges he has faced since he was elected, as well as those that he might face in future. This paper also addresses key issues that surround the aspect of papacy in the Catholic Church, including papal infallibility, among others. Like other leaders, the popes of the Catholic Church have been faced with a plethora of challenges. However, each pope has addressed the challenges in their own distinct manner. Likewise, Pope Francis has not been an exception. According to the International Bulletin of Missionary Research (2013), since his election as a pope, he has already encountered different challenges, and is expected to face more challenges in future. Some of these challenges emanate from the ch urch, and the pope is expected to provide a redress for them. Nonetheless, governance is one of the major challenges, which the pope has faced, and will continue to face in the future. Pope Francis, being a leader, has to make important decisions as far as governance is concerned. For instance, he had to appoint his secretary of state. This is a senior position, which is regarded second after the pope. Therefore, appointing a secretary requires the pope to have experience in the Curia, be strong-willed, and exhibit aspects of reform. On the contrast, Pope Francis is considered to have less experience in the Curia, and exhibits more pastoral than managerial capabilities (International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 2013). In addition, Pope Francis has to deal with the practical problems of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is big in size, thus faces different challenges in the form of social and economic issues, and doctrinal issues, among others. For instance, the pope has to deal with all the financial affairs of the Vatican, including the finances that goes out and comes into the church. In addition, Pope Francis has to address issues in the church, such as homosexuality, divorce, the position of women in the church, and abortion, among others. On the aspect of homosexuality, Pope Francis’ recent remarks about homosexuality have elicited considerable controversy. Although Pope Francis argued against judging gay people, but instead welcoming them to the church, these sentiments were welcomed with criticisms from those people, who feel that homosexuality in society should be condemned (Montoya, 2013). Overall, Pope Francis being a spiritual leader and a symbol of church unity, also faces the challenge of ensuring the stability of the Catholic Church. This includes him reaching out to the large number of secular Catholics and maintaining the relevancy of the Catholic Church. Throughout history, the Catholic Church has been implicated with differ ent controversies, most of which have persisted even today. First, there is the common Catholic contraception controversy. Since the Catholic Church is known to be prolife, this advocates for the ban on contraception and abortion. This stand of the Catholic Church therefore, continues to result in a collision between religion and public health. This also hampers

Strategic Management Unit 3 DB SA final Week Essay

Strategic Management Unit 3 DB SA final Week - Essay Example The reliability of the matrix is on decline as a result of the poor correlation between the profitability levels of the market as well as the functionality of market levels (Hubbard, Vetter, 1998). Though the Cadbury yogurt markets are currently operating at high levels due to the their high market shares and yields much profits , but due to the fact that they operate on larger markets they are most likely to consume a lot of cash in return making the matrix to become unreliable(Medicos MBA, 2014). In the second template, it is shown that though matrix can be reliable up to a certain point, it is not fully sustained since the matrix’s are utilized in the implementation of strategic decisions. There are as well some limitations to the kind of information that the matrix group offers (Medicos, 2012). It becomes very hard to retrieve valuable information as well as data concerning the market share. This matrix is consists of four different quadrants (Medicos, 2012). In the first quadrant is about the Question Mark which shows that the matrix has low relative position in market share (David, 2005). In the other quadrant, a good example is the iPhone which is considered a great product. Though the product holds a high market position, they do not sell at high growth industry at times (McClurg, 2013). The last quadrant, ‘Dogs’, have a low market share, weak internal and external position leading to liquidation (McClurg, 2013). Hubbard, R., Vetter, D. E., & Little, E. L. (1998). Replication in strategic management: Scientific testing for validity, generalizability, and usefulness. Strategic Management Journal, 19(3),

The Long Process Of European Decolonization English Language Essay

The Long Process Of European Decolonization English Language Essay According to Helen Tiffin, Decolonization is a process, not arrival it has been the project of post-colonial writing to interrogate European discourses and discursive strategies from a privileged position within (and between) two worlds (Tiffin 95). At the moment of decolonization there are two kinds of responses to the imposition of imperial language: post colonial writers either choose rejection or subversion of the imposed tongue and the empire by writing back in a European language. As part of this the Indian English writers thrive hard to project the hybridity of post colonial realities and the use of English as a linguistic expression of that hybridity must be accepted. Writers including Raja Rao, Rushdie and Roy were aware of the fact that the subversion of English is the only strategy that recognizes the influence of the colonial experience while, at the same time, dismantling its supporting biases. Therefore nativizing and acculturating it (Kachru 294) is the device these po st colonial writers adopted, thus transforming standard English into many englishes as are the diverse post colonial realities.(Ashcroft 8) These englishes allow the post colonial writer to voice his particular experience while exploiting the advantages of using an international language. Salman Rushdie comments on how working in new englishes can be therapeutic. In the essay Imaginary Homelands, he explicates that, the English language is not something that can simply be overlooked and disregarded, but is the site where writers should try to sort out the problems that challenge emerging or recently independent colonies. He believes that by conquering English we can conclude the process of making ourselves emancipated. What we find in the writings of these novelists is a resistance to the dominant language-culture which is facilitated through a naturalization of it and stretching it to contain some authentic Indian expressions. Thereby they are invested with a power to appropriate and dismantle metropolitan discourses and to assert post colonial difference from Europe. The linguistic hybridization which results from the manipulation of English as the normative linguistic code by the emerging post-colonial voices as an act of subversion and a necessary step in the direction of cultural liberation, becomes the source for new strategies of writing which have generated some of the most exciting and innovative literatures of the modern period (Ashcroft 8). These hybrid linguistic practices are a reliable sign of an authentic articulation of indigenous voices. Linguistic hybridization results in syntactic flexibility and rapid enrichment of vocabulary. The Indian English writer challenges and redefines m any accepted notions of language and indulges in creating different versions or constructing a new language in our multilingual contexts. These are the in between languages which occupy a space in between and seeks to decolonize themselves from the Western ex-colonizer and subverts hierarchies and brings together the dominant and the under-developed. The Caliban- Prospero paradigm can be seen as an illustration of resistance enacted by postcolonial Indian writers where Caliban practices what he calls the language of the torturer mastered by the victim. His appropriation of Prosperos language rather than his rejection of it, is an appropriation that extends and enriches the possibilities of the English language in ways that are, perhaps, no longer possible for the English themselves. As Graham Huggan suggests, Indian writing (especially in English) is to a large extent a transnational, diasporic phenomenon, the product of complex collisions/collusions between East and West (66). Therefore, the term postcolonial nowadays has a wider definition and it denotes an index of resistance, a perceived imperative to rewrite the social context of continuing imperial dominance (Huggan ix). Post colonial Indian writing showcases a number of linguistic tensions and any interrogation of the experiences involves a simultaneous interrogation of language also. Indian English liberates itself from the parent language and tries to be on its own surpassing its hyphenated status. The deformations, deviations and irregularities found in Indian English is part of an attempt by the writer to master the texture of the original while amending and altering it considerably to suit the local conditions leading to the birth of a brand new English. In its reinstatement as Indian English, it certainly shakes off its colour and becomes heteroglossic, true to what Bakthin opined as anothers speech in anothers language. English turns into playful manipulation in the hands of these writers. As a form of self-assertion Indian writers playfully manipulate the language and relates them to the roots and culture of ones own and introduces circumstances for their self-expression. R.K. Narayan advocates writing in a genuinely Indian way without being self-conscious about it; English has proved that if a language has flexibility, any experience can be communicated through it, even if it has to be paraphrased sometimes rather than conveyed, and even if the factual detail à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is partially understood à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ All that I am able to confirm merely after thirty years of writing, is that it has served my purpose admirably, on conveying unambiguously the thoughts and acts of a set of personalities, who flourish in a small town located in a corner of South India. (Press 123) The Indian writers communicate the Indian sensibility and consciousness to dissociate themselves from the subtle nuances of the language and its flexible idiom in an instinctive and effortless manner through narrative structures associated with the ones prevalent in Indian oral and epic traditions to vindicate the spirit of India and its quintessential unity. According to Rushdie, the moment the Indian writer tries to shed the insular mentality of exclusion and to use English as his own without any anxiety or self-consciousness the language of the other becomes his property on which its first user will have no substantial claim. This approach invests the Indian writer with a freedom to articulate which they aimed to achieve it. Indian English can be seen as a distinct variety whose body is correct English usage, but whose soul, thought and imagery is Indian in colour, and an Indian idiom which is representative of the unique quality of Indian mind while in compliance with the exactne ss of the English usage. Linguist Braj Kachru argues, using a non-native language in native context, to portray new themes and characters and situations is like redefining the semantic and semiotic potential of a language, making language mean something which is not part of its traditional meaning. It is an attempt to give a new African or Asian identity, and thus an extra dimension of meaning. A part of that dimension perhaps remains obscure or mysterious to the Western reader. The process of creating new meanings in English, for those who write in two languages is a process of transcreation (Kachru 48).The creation of new meanings accompanies the creation of new identities. Meenakshi Mukherjee claims that; The Indo- Anglian writer should be allowed the freedom to experiment with the language for his own artistic needs rather than be heaved into a system of linguistics in search of that elusive medium; a standard Indian English (214). Indian English literature is replete with experimental language which includes forging new words, new idioms, new turns of expressions, new syntactic structures and new rhythms, Indianisms, violating the syntax and grammar of English to echo the regional speech and to recreate an Indian consciousness and also to induce better linguistic results. R.K. Narayan comments that the presence of Indianisms are unavoidable in their situation as all writers are experimentalists, not attempting to write Anglo-Saxon English. The English language, through, sheer resilience and mobility, is now undergoing a process of Indianisation in the same manner as it adopted U.S. citizenship over a century ago. The process of transmutation is to be viewed as an enrichment of the English language or a debasement of it. These writers, says Mulk Raj Anand, aim at consciously reorienting the language and synthesizing Indian and European values in contemporary India.(20) Indians have found a sense of peculiar int imacy with the English language, making it a second natural voice for the Indian mind and sensibility. He sees realized in it the power of Indian inheritance, the complexity of Indian experience, and the uniqueness of Indian voice.( Walsh 65, 71) Indianisms can be accepted as permissible violations of the English language if they are introduced for the sake of reflecting cultural overtones and undertones.(Verghese 181) Shaking off the traces of foreign acquisition, the language is moulded today as anew idiom. The language has to be broken to it, as it were, and made new. (Kantak 223) The process of adaptation has been gradual and pervasive. Kantak rightly points out; Everything depends, of course, on the intimacy of the adoption, the level reached in the process of naturalization. (224) Most linguistic innovations are purposive and have an authentic ring about them. And it is not mere reproduction; the transformation of language takes place at a high artistic pressure.(235) Commenti ng upon the contextualization of English on India, Kachru observes: Indian English has ramifications in Indian culture(which includes languages) and is used in India towards maintaining appropriate Indian patterns of life, culture and education. This, in short, we may call the Indianess of Indian English, in the same way as we speak of the Englishness of British English. (Kachru 282) He again remarks; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the distance between the natively used varieties of English and Indian English cannot be explained only by comparative studies of phonology and grammar. The deviations are an outcome of the Indianisation of English which has, gradually, made Indian English culture-bound in the socio-cultural setting of India. The phonological and grammatical deviations are only a part of this process of Indianisation.(85-86) The appropriation of English language by Indian English writers results in innovations that enrich English. They also use the text to construct a world of difference, separation, and absence from the metropolitan norms which arose from the experience of colonization and a compulsive necessity to write in response to the imperial powers by asserting their differences from the assumptions of the imperial centers. The writers resort to many strategies or specific postcolonial literary techniques like fragmentation, plurality, and language to subvert Western-colonial constructs of identity and culture. It is also projected as a retelling of individual experience as against the colonial representations of history, language, and textuality. True to what Salman Rushdie famously remarked, that in post-colonial culture, the Empire writes back to the centre, these writings create a challenging discourse as against the dominant Eurocentric discourse facilitating a re-imagining and restructuring of it through breaking down certain colonial assumptions and grand narratives. Indian fiction in English can be read as a counter-discourse, as a response, in part, to earlier universalizing Western texts of English colonial writers. The Indian writers write using English vocabulary but indigenous structures and rhythms which goes in line with Chantal Zabuss theory of relexifcation Those who utilize this technique use English to simulate another language and therefore are not merely using English but also modifying it. In this process the expressions of the postcolonial are functioning as an interlanguage, mimicking neither the European target language or the indigenous source language (Zabus 315). To personalize and to correspond to a particular national or regional identity, Indian writers parade their mastery over language to nativize and indigenize English. Diverse ways of nationalizing English is used as an effective tool to demarginalize the postcolonial experience. This takes many forms and the most prominent of which is linguistic demarginalisation whic h leads to what Brathwaite calls a nation language, a need felt by a host of post-colonial writers. At the moment of decolonization, the imperial language which was an instance of the cultural baggage that restrained and smothered the natives was destabilized. The Indian writers uses the English medium to convey hitherto unknown and unfamiliar roles like a whole new set of customs, social objects, and relationships, universal responsiveness, which goes into the creation of a new culture. This represents the conversion of the weapon of the colonizer as a linguistic blade where it is redirected back at the colonizer thereby liberating the enslaving medium into a revolutionary weapon with Indian message. It helps the writer to indulge in self-reflexive narrative as a counter-discursive strategy to strike against the totalizing colonialist literature and also to erase the dominant universalist canon of Europe and endorse the marginalized canons of various local cultures. An expression o f culture-specific experiences and sensibilities through English, undermine the totalizing notion of one standard literary English language that can include all human experiences. As a result, Indian English cease to be regarded as postcolonial, but rather as an expression of uniquely Indian identity. The contemporary Bengali writer and critic Amit Chaudhuri, in his seminal anthology of 2001 The Picador Book of Modern Indian Literature, comments on the way English is used in India. Though used by a small but substantial group, English is now an Indian language, English is not an Indian language in the way it is an American language; nor is it an Indian language in the way that Bengali or Urdu. English is not an Indian language, but it has served so many useful and essential purposes of a developing society, this for so long that it has now become a kind of linguistic habit with us and cannot be easily discarded without a proper substitute. Writers like Vikram Seth, Rohinton Mistry, Amitav Ghosh, Upamanyu Chatterjee, Anita Desai and more recently Kiran Desai, Shashi Tharoor, Pankaj Mishra and Amit Chaudhuri get gushing reviews and are the propagators and ambassadors of Indian writing in English. The following comments of Gokak present the recent assessment of Indian English writers ; Indo-Anglian writing is direct and spontaneous- like creative writing in any other language. It is conditioned in many ways by the peculiar circumstances of its birth and growth. (162) The use of English in India for almost two hundred years has naturally nativized the English language and it has also caused the entry of new words into the language which truly represent our culture and traditions and which is also used in non-Indian settings. The Indian linguistic and cultural context is flourishing everyday with new set of lexical items and typical Indian collocations. Srinivasa Iyengar is of the opinion that Indian writing in English is but one of the voices in which India speaks. It is a new voice, no doubt, but it is as much Indian as others (3) Indian writing in English has come a long way from that teething stage, developing a diversity of themes, a variety of forms and techniques, and, not the least, an authenticity and idiomatic expressiveness. (S.N.Sridhar 292) In the process of Indianisation and thereby to decolonize English, writers express every modes of feeling and thinking peculiar to the cultural milieu through words which are culture bound to describe everyday objects and convey the Indian sentiment. Strategies like vernacular transcription, loan words, syntactic fusion and use of rhythmic patterns and social conventions of Indian languages helps to bridge the cultural gaps and makes the use of the alien medium more acceptable to the non-native speakers themselves (Sridhar 298). English has been re-built to reflect the clarity of thought and shades of feeling to the extent they can realize within their own ecosystems. The Indian novelists in English have accelerated the process of desired linguistic deviation and according to Kachru, the process of Indianisation of English is a linguistic and cultural characteristics transferred to an adopted alien language.(19) In an attempt to disengage language from its socio-cultural roots and to make it conducive to the new user, the Indian writer liberates English from the precision and accuracy of its usage and disintegrates the stereotypical language functions to accommodate the native feel of the life. This leaves the language with a better freedom for the writer to exploit. Only a gradual and wider usage of the language to contain the burden of our local context and experience can lead to a complete decolonization of the language rather than a deliberate attempt to Indianise it. According to Gokak Indian English should represent the evolution of a distinct standard- a standard the body of which is the correct English usage, but whose soul is Indian in colour, thought and imagery.(3) As from all these illustrations we can conclude that the reappropriation of the ex-colonisers language, within a postcolonial frame of mind is a crucial thrust in terms of style for postcolonial writers. The writers I have chosen illustrate how one can authentically represent their native culture through Indian English which, at the same time, abrogates the Standard English as well as appropriates it for local discourses, thereby re-structuring deconstructing and decolonizing the English language to liberate it from within and to remould it for the purpose of dismantling the power structures of English grammar which are symbolic of the hegemonic controls implemented. The English used by these novelists, is a distinct English which is idiomatic, using a colloquial register that will certainly be familiar to a British reader but which contains an unmistakably Indian reference. It represents the new varities of englishes that are relocated, resettled and reincarnated language and indige nized to perform culture-specific functions. Rao has tried in his novels to conform the English language to Indian literary style and rhythm, and to make it express local myths and ideas. These writers are of the opinion that the subversion of English is the only strategy that recognizes the influence of the colonial experience while, at the same time, dismantling its supporting biases. Thus, on the Indian continent the English language was put to a revolutionary use by Rao, Rushdie and Roy. There works are clear illustrations of their efforts to completely relinquish the habitual linguistic practice and the formulation of an innovative, unrefined, critical and radical syntax. Another way of decolonization ably achieved by Indian writers like Raja Rao, Rushdie and Roy are through the Indianisation and acculturation of English language. Hence they are capable of formulating a new english which defies the western canons of power and controls and one which suits their requirements and which opens up spaces for creativity in Indian English. All these approaches are for redefining the medium, and contextualizing English in yet other socio-cultural and linguistic framework. Raja Raos Kanthapura, Rushdies Midnights Children and Shame and Arundhati Roys The God of Small Things where the writers uses a multiplicity of indigenizations, is an exemplary illustration of the trend, which has plenty of language rooted in local Indian culture. The Indian narrative of resistance begins with Raja Rao whose nativization of English is the best approach to avoid confined by Standard English structures and usage. He expressed his resistance to the language of the dominant discourse by rewriting its given structures. Writers like Raja Rao, Salman Rushdie and Arundhati Roy are involved in a process of indigenizing English. Language in its decontextualised way serves to denaturalize and decolonise thus subverting, diverting and twisting into new shapes and transformed into an alien material in order to express new realities. These writers exhibit a more intentional and calculated linguistic experimentation at several levels the outcome of which will lead to a decolonizati on of English. This decolonization of the language goes hand in hand with a desire to make it a more penetrating tool of artistic exploration. Post colonial writers like Raja Rao, Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy have contributed to the discourse of hybridity through their works of dissent, challenge or subversion. It can be efficiently wrapped up that the practitioners of Indo- Anglian literature wield a decolonising pen (Rushdie). Rushdies prediction that Indians were in a position to conquer English literature seems justified.