The Long Process Of European Decolonization English Language Essay

The Long Process Of European Decolonization English Language Essay According to Helen Tiffin, Decolonization is a process, not arrival it has been the project of post-colonial writing to interrogate European discourses and discursive strategies from a privileged position within (and between) two worlds (Tiffin 95). At the moment of decolonization there are two kinds of responses to the imposition of imperial language: post colonial writers either choose rejection or subversion of the imposed tongue and the empire by writing back in a European language. As part of this the Indian English writers thrive hard to project the hybridity of post colonial realities and the use of English as a linguistic expression of that hybridity must be accepted. Writers including Raja Rao, Rushdie and Roy were aware of the fact that the subversion of English is the only strategy that recognizes the influence of the colonial experience while, at the same time, dismantling its supporting biases. Therefore nativizing and acculturating it (Kachru 294) is the device these po st colonial writers adopted, thus transforming standard English into many englishes as are the diverse post colonial realities.(Ashcroft 8) These englishes allow the post colonial writer to voice his particular experience while exploiting the advantages of using an international language. Salman Rushdie comments on how working in new englishes can be therapeutic. In the essay Imaginary Homelands, he explicates that, the English language is not something that can simply be overlooked and disregarded, but is the site where writers should try to sort out the problems that challenge emerging or recently independent colonies. He believes that by conquering English we can conclude the process of making ourselves emancipated. What we find in the writings of these novelists is a resistance to the dominant language-culture which is facilitated through a naturalization of it and stretching it to contain some authentic Indian expressions. Thereby they are invested with a power to appropriate and dismantle metropolitan discourses and to assert post colonial difference from Europe. The linguistic hybridization which results from the manipulation of English as the normative linguistic code by the emerging post-colonial voices as an act of subversion and a necessary step in the direction of cultural liberation, becomes the source for new strategies of writing which have generated some of the most exciting and innovative literatures of the modern period (Ashcroft 8). These hybrid linguistic practices are a reliable sign of an authentic articulation of indigenous voices. Linguistic hybridization results in syntactic flexibility and rapid enrichment of vocabulary. The Indian English writer challenges and redefines m any accepted notions of language and indulges in creating different versions or constructing a new language in our multilingual contexts. These are the in between languages which occupy a space in between and seeks to decolonize themselves from the Western ex-colonizer and subverts hierarchies and brings together the dominant and the under-developed. The Caliban- Prospero paradigm can be seen as an illustration of resistance enacted by postcolonial Indian writers where Caliban practices what he calls the language of the torturer mastered by the victim. His appropriation of Prosperos language rather than his rejection of it, is an appropriation that extends and enriches the possibilities of the English language in ways that are, perhaps, no longer possible for the English themselves. As Graham Huggan suggests, Indian writing (especially in English) is to a large extent a transnational, diasporic phenomenon, the product of complex collisions/collusions between East and West (66). Therefore, the term postcolonial nowadays has a wider definition and it denotes an index of resistance, a perceived imperative to rewrite the social context of continuing imperial dominance (Huggan ix). Post colonial Indian writing showcases a number of linguistic tensions and any interrogation of the experiences involves a simultaneous interrogation of language also. Indian English liberates itself from the parent language and tries to be on its own surpassing its hyphenated status. The deformations, deviations and irregularities found in Indian English is part of an attempt by the writer to master the texture of the original while amending and altering it considerably to suit the local conditions leading to the birth of a brand new English. In its reinstatement as Indian English, it certainly shakes off its colour and becomes heteroglossic, true to what Bakthin opined as anothers speech in anothers language. English turns into playful manipulation in the hands of these writers. As a form of self-assertion Indian writers playfully manipulate the language and relates them to the roots and culture of ones own and introduces circumstances for their self-expression. R.K. Narayan advocates writing in a genuinely Indian way without being self-conscious about it; English has proved that if a language has flexibility, any experience can be communicated through it, even if it has to be paraphrased sometimes rather than conveyed, and even if the factual detail à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is partially understood à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ All that I am able to confirm merely after thirty years of writing, is that it has served my purpose admirably, on conveying unambiguously the thoughts and acts of a set of personalities, who flourish in a small town located in a corner of South India. (Press 123) The Indian writers communicate the Indian sensibility and consciousness to dissociate themselves from the subtle nuances of the language and its flexible idiom in an instinctive and effortless manner through narrative structures associated with the ones prevalent in Indian oral and epic traditions to vindicate the spirit of India and its quintessential unity. According to Rushdie, the moment the Indian writer tries to shed the insular mentality of exclusion and to use English as his own without any anxiety or self-consciousness the language of the other becomes his property on which its first user will have no substantial claim. This approach invests the Indian writer with a freedom to articulate which they aimed to achieve it. Indian English can be seen as a distinct variety whose body is correct English usage, but whose soul, thought and imagery is Indian in colour, and an Indian idiom which is representative of the unique quality of Indian mind while in compliance with the exactne ss of the English usage. Linguist Braj Kachru argues, using a non-native language in native context, to portray new themes and characters and situations is like redefining the semantic and semiotic potential of a language, making language mean something which is not part of its traditional meaning. It is an attempt to give a new African or Asian identity, and thus an extra dimension of meaning. A part of that dimension perhaps remains obscure or mysterious to the Western reader. The process of creating new meanings in English, for those who write in two languages is a process of transcreation (Kachru 48).The creation of new meanings accompanies the creation of new identities. Meenakshi Mukherjee claims that; The Indo- Anglian writer should be allowed the freedom to experiment with the language for his own artistic needs rather than be heaved into a system of linguistics in search of that elusive medium; a standard Indian English (214). Indian English literature is replete with experimental language which includes forging new words, new idioms, new turns of expressions, new syntactic structures and new rhythms, Indianisms, violating the syntax and grammar of English to echo the regional speech and to recreate an Indian consciousness and also to induce better linguistic results. R.K. Narayan comments that the presence of Indianisms are unavoidable in their situation as all writers are experimentalists, not attempting to write Anglo-Saxon English. The English language, through, sheer resilience and mobility, is now undergoing a process of Indianisation in the same manner as it adopted U.S. citizenship over a century ago. The process of transmutation is to be viewed as an enrichment of the English language or a debasement of it. These writers, says Mulk Raj Anand, aim at consciously reorienting the language and synthesizing Indian and European values in contemporary India.(20) Indians have found a sense of peculiar int imacy with the English language, making it a second natural voice for the Indian mind and sensibility. He sees realized in it the power of Indian inheritance, the complexity of Indian experience, and the uniqueness of Indian voice.( Walsh 65, 71) Indianisms can be accepted as permissible violations of the English language if they are introduced for the sake of reflecting cultural overtones and undertones.(Verghese 181) Shaking off the traces of foreign acquisition, the language is moulded today as anew idiom. The language has to be broken to it, as it were, and made new. (Kantak 223) The process of adaptation has been gradual and pervasive. Kantak rightly points out; Everything depends, of course, on the intimacy of the adoption, the level reached in the process of naturalization. (224) Most linguistic innovations are purposive and have an authentic ring about them. And it is not mere reproduction; the transformation of language takes place at a high artistic pressure.(235) Commenti ng upon the contextualization of English on India, Kachru observes: Indian English has ramifications in Indian culture(which includes languages) and is used in India towards maintaining appropriate Indian patterns of life, culture and education. This, in short, we may call the Indianess of Indian English, in the same way as we speak of the Englishness of British English. (Kachru 282) He again remarks; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the distance between the natively used varieties of English and Indian English cannot be explained only by comparative studies of phonology and grammar. The deviations are an outcome of the Indianisation of English which has, gradually, made Indian English culture-bound in the socio-cultural setting of India. The phonological and grammatical deviations are only a part of this process of Indianisation.(85-86) The appropriation of English language by Indian English writers results in innovations that enrich English. They also use the text to construct a world of difference, separation, and absence from the metropolitan norms which arose from the experience of colonization and a compulsive necessity to write in response to the imperial powers by asserting their differences from the assumptions of the imperial centers. The writers resort to many strategies or specific postcolonial literary techniques like fragmentation, plurality, and language to subvert Western-colonial constructs of identity and culture. It is also projected as a retelling of individual experience as against the colonial representations of history, language, and textuality. True to what Salman Rushdie famously remarked, that in post-colonial culture, the Empire writes back to the centre, these writings create a challenging discourse as against the dominant Eurocentric discourse facilitating a re-imagining and restructuring of it through breaking down certain colonial assumptions and grand narratives. Indian fiction in English can be read as a counter-discourse, as a response, in part, to earlier universalizing Western texts of English colonial writers. The Indian writers write using English vocabulary but indigenous structures and rhythms which goes in line with Chantal Zabuss theory of relexifcation Those who utilize this technique use English to simulate another language and therefore are not merely using English but also modifying it. In this process the expressions of the postcolonial are functioning as an interlanguage, mimicking neither the European target language or the indigenous source language (Zabus 315). To personalize and to correspond to a particular national or regional identity, Indian writers parade their mastery over language to nativize and indigenize English. Diverse ways of nationalizing English is used as an effective tool to demarginalize the postcolonial experience. This takes many forms and the most prominent of which is linguistic demarginalisation whic h leads to what Brathwaite calls a nation language, a need felt by a host of post-colonial writers. At the moment of decolonization, the imperial language which was an instance of the cultural baggage that restrained and smothered the natives was destabilized. The Indian writers uses the English medium to convey hitherto unknown and unfamiliar roles like a whole new set of customs, social objects, and relationships, universal responsiveness, which goes into the creation of a new culture. This represents the conversion of the weapon of the colonizer as a linguistic blade where it is redirected back at the colonizer thereby liberating the enslaving medium into a revolutionary weapon with Indian message. It helps the writer to indulge in self-reflexive narrative as a counter-discursive strategy to strike against the totalizing colonialist literature and also to erase the dominant universalist canon of Europe and endorse the marginalized canons of various local cultures. An expression o f culture-specific experiences and sensibilities through English, undermine the totalizing notion of one standard literary English language that can include all human experiences. As a result, Indian English cease to be regarded as postcolonial, but rather as an expression of uniquely Indian identity. The contemporary Bengali writer and critic Amit Chaudhuri, in his seminal anthology of 2001 The Picador Book of Modern Indian Literature, comments on the way English is used in India. Though used by a small but substantial group, English is now an Indian language, English is not an Indian language in the way it is an American language; nor is it an Indian language in the way that Bengali or Urdu. English is not an Indian language, but it has served so many useful and essential purposes of a developing society, this for so long that it has now become a kind of linguistic habit with us and cannot be easily discarded without a proper substitute. Writers like Vikram Seth, Rohinton Mistry, Amitav Ghosh, Upamanyu Chatterjee, Anita Desai and more recently Kiran Desai, Shashi Tharoor, Pankaj Mishra and Amit Chaudhuri get gushing reviews and are the propagators and ambassadors of Indian writing in English. The following comments of Gokak present the recent assessment of Indian English writers ; Indo-Anglian writing is direct and spontaneous- like creative writing in any other language. It is conditioned in many ways by the peculiar circumstances of its birth and growth. (162) The use of English in India for almost two hundred years has naturally nativized the English language and it has also caused the entry of new words into the language which truly represent our culture and traditions and which is also used in non-Indian settings. The Indian linguistic and cultural context is flourishing everyday with new set of lexical items and typical Indian collocations. Srinivasa Iyengar is of the opinion that Indian writing in English is but one of the voices in which India speaks. It is a new voice, no doubt, but it is as much Indian as others (3) Indian writing in English has come a long way from that teething stage, developing a diversity of themes, a variety of forms and techniques, and, not the least, an authenticity and idiomatic expressiveness. (S.N.Sridhar 292) In the process of Indianisation and thereby to decolonize English, writers express every modes of feeling and thinking peculiar to the cultural milieu through words which are culture bound to describe everyday objects and convey the Indian sentiment. Strategies like vernacular transcription, loan words, syntactic fusion and use of rhythmic patterns and social conventions of Indian languages helps to bridge the cultural gaps and makes the use of the alien medium more acceptable to the non-native speakers themselves (Sridhar 298). English has been re-built to reflect the clarity of thought and shades of feeling to the extent they can realize within their own ecosystems. The Indian novelists in English have accelerated the process of desired linguistic deviation and according to Kachru, the process of Indianisation of English is a linguistic and cultural characteristics transferred to an adopted alien language.(19) In an attempt to disengage language from its socio-cultural roots and to make it conducive to the new user, the Indian writer liberates English from the precision and accuracy of its usage and disintegrates the stereotypical language functions to accommodate the native feel of the life. This leaves the language with a better freedom for the writer to exploit. Only a gradual and wider usage of the language to contain the burden of our local context and experience can lead to a complete decolonization of the language rather than a deliberate attempt to Indianise it. According to Gokak Indian English should represent the evolution of a distinct standard- a standard the body of which is the correct English usage, but whose soul is Indian in colour, thought and imagery.(3) As from all these illustrations we can conclude that the reappropriation of the ex-colonisers language, within a postcolonial frame of mind is a crucial thrust in terms of style for postcolonial writers. The writers I have chosen illustrate how one can authentically represent their native culture through Indian English which, at the same time, abrogates the Standard English as well as appropriates it for local discourses, thereby re-structuring deconstructing and decolonizing the English language to liberate it from within and to remould it for the purpose of dismantling the power structures of English grammar which are symbolic of the hegemonic controls implemented. The English used by these novelists, is a distinct English which is idiomatic, using a colloquial register that will certainly be familiar to a British reader but which contains an unmistakably Indian reference. It represents the new varities of englishes that are relocated, resettled and reincarnated language and indige nized to perform culture-specific functions. Rao has tried in his novels to conform the English language to Indian literary style and rhythm, and to make it express local myths and ideas. These writers are of the opinion that the subversion of English is the only strategy that recognizes the influence of the colonial experience while, at the same time, dismantling its supporting biases. Thus, on the Indian continent the English language was put to a revolutionary use by Rao, Rushdie and Roy. There works are clear illustrations of their efforts to completely relinquish the habitual linguistic practice and the formulation of an innovative, unrefined, critical and radical syntax. Another way of decolonization ably achieved by Indian writers like Raja Rao, Rushdie and Roy are through the Indianisation and acculturation of English language. Hence they are capable of formulating a new english which defies the western canons of power and controls and one which suits their requirements and which opens up spaces for creativity in Indian English. All these approaches are for redefining the medium, and contextualizing English in yet other socio-cultural and linguistic framework. Raja Raos Kanthapura, Rushdies Midnights Children and Shame and Arundhati Roys The God of Small Things where the writers uses a multiplicity of indigenizations, is an exemplary illustration of the trend, which has plenty of language rooted in local Indian culture. The Indian narrative of resistance begins with Raja Rao whose nativization of English is the best approach to avoid confined by Standard English structures and usage. He expressed his resistance to the language of the dominant discourse by rewriting its given structures. Writers like Raja Rao, Salman Rushdie and Arundhati Roy are involved in a process of indigenizing English. Language in its decontextualised way serves to denaturalize and decolonise thus subverting, diverting and twisting into new shapes and transformed into an alien material in order to express new realities. These writers exhibit a more intentional and calculated linguistic experimentation at several levels the outcome of which will lead to a decolonizati on of English. This decolonization of the language goes hand in hand with a desire to make it a more penetrating tool of artistic exploration. Post colonial writers like Raja Rao, Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy have contributed to the discourse of hybridity through their works of dissent, challenge or subversion. It can be efficiently wrapped up that the practitioners of Indo- Anglian literature wield a decolonising pen (Rushdie). Rushdies prediction that Indians were in a position to conquer English literature seems justified.

A Comparison of Christians and Buddhists Essay -- comparison compare c

Christians Live for Today, Buddhists Live for Tomorrow    Death is perhaps the most difficult aspect of life humans are forced to deal with. In order to help us cope, we have implemented the grieving process--a series of events with the purpose of making death easier to deal with--into our lives. Not everyone handles death in the same fashion, and each culture has rituals characteristic to itself that may differ greatly from another culture's rituals. Christianity and Buddhism are two religions that have completely different grieving processes, and in a conversation with Ms. Sit-Sen Wong, a Buddhist from Malaysia, this idea was confirmed as a fact. Through life, Buddhists constantly prepare for death and the afterlife, while Christians, although concerned about that, focus on enjoying the present life as much as possible. Many factors have contributed to this deduction and all are based on the differences in the grieving process rituals between American Christians and Malaysian Buddhists.    Until someone close to us passes away, we forget just how important every minute is that we have. Life is short, therefore, it is necessary not to spend too much time on any one thing. The amount of time spent mourning in America is considerably less than that spent in Malaysia. For example, the funeral and burial, the final outward phases of grieving, takes place, on average, a week after the death of the individual. The Buddhists, however, pray for the soul of the individual every day for six entire weeks. While the Christian view is to grieve, but quickly continue with one's life, the Buddhists feel that they cannot continue until the prayer process is complete. While a Christian may continue to pr... ... during the service, as the Buddhists focus entirely on prayer.    It is evident that the grieving process for Buddhists is far more structured than that for Christians. This is because the family and friends of the deceased are the main concern and the soul of the individual is not. The funeral service helps to reassure everyone that the soul is going to heaven, and that we will all meet again. There is much comfort found in this that allows Christians to carry on, focusing on this life to reserve their spots in heaven. The Buddhists, however, are certain that the soul will be reincarnated, so it is extremely important to ensure its safe journey. The focus is placed on prayer for the soul, as what one did in life makes little difference in the end. It is because of these factors that the Christians live for today, the Buddhists live for tomorrow.

Synthesizer

To make this synth, I opened up the ES2 synthesizer in Logic, changed the setting to â€Å"series†, turned on â€Å"poly' and made sure it was in â€Å"unison† and opened up a second and third waveform. Next, I split the waveforms evenly using the acute triangle fgure. I set a cutoff to 1 and 2, and used envelope 2 for the cutoff. Finally, I turned both cut settings all the way to the right†¦ from this I got an upbeat dance- style synth that I'd be happy to use on any dancepop/electro track that I was trying to create!Synth 2 For this next tutorial, I wanted to have synthesized drums, so I made a basic drum pattern in ultrabeat opened up the ES2 synthesizer. The first thing I did once I had the ES2 synthesizer open was change the default preset to plain sine. Next, shorten the attack significantly. Then, I shortened to the decay to a little less than half, took away all of the sustain, then shortened the release to about 1/6. Then, I changed the settings so that t he pitch will be modulated by envelope 2.After, I turned on the filter nd set the drive to about 0. 10 to give some realistic harmonics. Finally, I set the sine level up a bit to give a bit more of a bass sound and voila! The perfect synth percussion to add to a d&b or rap track. Synth 3 For synth number three, I set out to make a house/techno-type synthesizer. I opened up my ES2 synthesizer. First, I set the first channel to sine and right clicked down to number 59 â€Å"cryl† and lowered the channel to -17s. Next I enabled the second channel, put it on a saw tooth and lowered it to -24.Next I enabled the third hannel, went to sine and set it up to â€Å"vox3† and set this one to -36s. Brought the icon in the triangle to the center so the sounds are balanced, then turned the analog halfway up. I went to the top and set it to ono and brought the voices down to 4, set the distortion to about 13. 600db. Finally, I routed envelope 1 to cutoff 2 and set cutoff 2 down to O. Lastly, I set the decay up, however, I also like it when I set the decay all the way down, yet still making for a delightfully electronic sound that would fit any good house/techno track!Synth History Perhaps the first fully electronic instrument came along Just before the turn of the 20th century, in 1899, when William Duddell took technology used in the carbon arc lamp, which was known for making a lot of noise, from a high-pitched whistle down to a low hum. Duddell had the lamp examined and his workers cuncluded that the more voltage the lamp received, the higher the pitch of the sound it gave off would be. Duddell hooked a keyboard up to the lamp and tentatively titled it, â€Å"The Singing Arc†, thus birthing the first fully-functional electronic instrument!

African Imperialism Dbq - 1396 Words

During the European Scramble for Africa, in the early 20th century, Africans had a peaceful reaction with anti-imperialistic sentiments (docs. 2, 3, 4, and 7), peaceful actions through the approach of diplomacy (docs.1, 2, and 3) and also a rebellious anti-imperialistic reaction (docs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) towards the Scramble for Africa. Some Africans opposed imperialism in a peaceful manner. For example, in document 2, the Ashanti leader denied the offer that the British gave them because the leader wants Ashanti to remain in its ancient ways but still be friendly with Great Britain, therefore approaching the situation in a peaceful manner because the whereabouts of his kingdom was important to him. Also the emperor of Ethiopia, Menelik†¦show more content†¦Also document 3 the Emperor of Ethiopia was against the separation of Africa and felt that the white men should know that he has God on his side but rather then fighting them he writes them a letter in a peaceful approach through diplomacy. Furthering the idea he was against imperialism but not a rebellious reaction. An additional document that would help me in assessing the African actions and reactions to the Scramble for Africa would be a diary entry from a peasant woman writing and explaining how all the chaos over Africa affected her and how she would solve it if she had the power to. This will help me understand how the lower-class women felt because there are no included documents from any lower class women at all. But there were some Africans who were also against imperialism but had rebellious actions and reactions in response to the Scramble for Africa. In the painting of the battle of Adowa between Ethiopians and Italian troops the Ethiopians defeated the Italians and which show a response in a rebellious manner (doc.5). This showed that they had defiant response to the taking over of Africa and fought back. The point of view of this document is biased because they have a picture of Jesus in the upper middle part of the picture and he is on a horse and this symbolizes Christianity in the Ethiopian culture and how the artist feels Christianity was their ultimate protection when inShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Effects of Imperialism1278 Words   |  6 PagesNAME DATE PERIOD ESSAY DBQ: Effects of Imperialism AP WORLD HISTORY Document-Based Question: Effects of Imperialism Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1- 13 (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.) This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents. Write an essay that: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with evidence from the documents. Uses all or all butRead MoreWhat Was the Driving Force Behind European Imperialism in Africa628 Words   |  3 Pagesthe 20th century (263 DBQ). These countries would soon become opponents in one of the greatest territory conquest in the world’s history. Resources is the main point in all three of these powers because Great Britain looked at the world as control, the thought of ruling land to them meant more power. A very important reason these powers would fight for this piece of land is because of the potential wealth it holds but also because the countries would see it that the Africans needed help. 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Gender Socialization - 1694 Words

Gender Socialization Sociology 100 Before a newborn child takes his or her first breath of life outside the mother s womb, he or she is distinguishable and characterized by gender. A baby is born and the doctor looks at the proud parents or parent and says three simple words: Its a boy, or Its a girl The baby is brought home and dressed in clothes that help friends, family and even strangers identify the sex of the child. Baby boys are dressed in blue and baby girls are dressed in pink. The baby boy may be dressed in a blue jumpsuit with a football or a baseball glove on it. The baby girl may wear a bow in their hair and flowered pajamas. As the boy begins to grow, he is given a miniature basketball and a hoop to play with.†¦show more content†¦Another aspect of everyday life that is highly influential in gender socialization is the media. What we see on television or at the movies, what we read in the newspaper or in magazines, what we see on billboards or hear on the radio are all very significant on how we form a opinion on gender identity. Media publishers have very successfully learned to play to an audience and are extremely successful in communicating with the audience they wish to reach. Advertisers are the biggest example of this concept. Society is very apt in recognizing images seen in commercials and printed ads and viewing them as socially acceptable behavior. For example, beer companies will target the twenty to thirty year old male audiences and include scantily clad women enjoying their favorite beers. Ironically, popular women magazines also use beautiful women to promote cosmetics and beauty products. Both examples show the exploitation of female images in society. 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The only way to start working towards a gender equal world is by making changes towards the gender socialization process. GenderRead MoreAgents Of Socialization : My Family, Culture, And Gender861 Words   |  4 PagesSome agents of socialization that have had the greatest effect on me would be my family, culture, and gender. To begin with, culture has had a big effect on me in the sense that I am the complete contrary as my family members. It has affected me in a negative way since according to my family members, I do not act in a way that a Mexican person should. Since I am a vegetarian, my family often times accuse me of not being Mexican enough due to the fact that Mexican culture revolves around its foodsRead MoreGender Socialization : The Princess And The Frog920 Words   |  4 PagesGender socialization takes place in our everyday lives whether we subconsciously know it or not. Gender socialization is the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each gender. For example, If I were to say it takes my friend at least 45 minutes to do their hair before school everyda y, you would assume I am speaking about a friend who is a female as opposed to a friend who is male. This is because of the idea of gender socialization. As I stated earlier, gender socializationRead MoreGender Socialization : Gender And Gender1040 Words   |  5 PagesWomen Studies 9 online Oct 8, 2015 Gender Socialization Gender, according to Lorber, is the product of a range of social forces that influence our gender construction through a system of reward and punishment. throughout my life, I have been taught to be a women by family and through society, all that at some point supported the goals I had for myself or created obstacles by challenging my own ideas of what meant to be a strong women. 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With imagination, kids are able to become doctors, presidents, and princesses during the contents of one day. Television shows such as Barney or Blues Clues encourage having such imagination, thus inspiring kids to want to becomeRead MoreGender : Sex And Gender Socialization992 Words   |  4 Pages Sex and Gender Socialization Before we learned this chapter, I didn t know that sex and gender are different to each other, all I know is that gender and sex have the same meaning which referred to male and female. Recently, I just learned the difference between sex and gender, which is sex is like our biological difference which what makes people male and female, while gender is what the society reinforces a person to be based on their expectations and behaviors of being a male and femaleRead MoreGender Socialization Essays1293 Words   |  6 PagesGender Socialization A baby is born and the doctor looks at the proud parents and says three simple words: Its a boy, or Its a girl! Before a newborn child even takes his or her first breath of life outside the mothers womb, he or she is distinguished and characterized by gender. The baby is brought home and dressed in clothes that help others identify the sex of the child. Baby boys are dressed in blue and baby girls are dressed in pink. The baby boy may be dressed in a blue shirtRead MoreGender Socialization And Gender Roles999 Words   |  4 PagesEarly gender socialization is perhaps one of the most relevant issues and debates of early childhood. The beginnings of stereotypes for gender roles are typically established at birth, and continue a process of learning specific cultural roles and standards in accordance with the sex of the individual. Gendered interactions begin early in the family and hence influence the process of gendered socialization, as was such the case for myself growing up. Socialization comes from a number of sources:Read MoreEssay On Gender Socialization1574 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Socialization and Children’s Retail Children are known for absorbing information from the world around them. Therefore, what children are exposed to while they are growing is important, as they learn a lot from the world around them. In this paper, the process of gender socialization will be discussed and examined. In specific, how retail marketed for young children may have an effect on their development, especially as they distinguish gender. Socialization is general the process

Cyber Crimes And Financial Institutions - 1857 Words

With the creation of the Internet came a whole new list of crimes targeting U.S. Banks and Financial Institutions. Crimes involving phishing, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), and Malware to name a few are becoming more advanced and widespread on a global scale. The motivations behind these cyber-crimes are the safety of hiding behind a computer, can easily be conducted without being an expert at hacking, and profitability for the perpetrators is worth the risk (Singleton, T., Singleton, A., and Gottlieb, 2006). The data demonstrated that cyber-crimes targeting banks and financial institutions have overtaken the traditional bank robbery or bank fraud (Lesk, 2011; Holt Lampke, 2010). An analysis of the literature confirms that the U.S. economy is negatively affected by the cyber-hacking of U.S. banks and financial institutions, through monetary losses, and stock market loses. The literature acknowledges that banks and financial institutions are under a constant barrage of various forms of cyber-attacks in order electronically steal money, account credentials or create new fraudulent accounts. Lastly the literature reports that banks and financial institutions underreport or do not disclose the impact of cyber-crimes, and offers a few theories about why there is a lack of disclosure or no disclosure at all. Types of Cyber Attacks Targeting U.S. Banks and Financial Institutions U.S. banks, financial institutions and their customers are targeted by many forms ofShow MoreRelatedPolicy Memo For White Collar Crimes1573 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem. Big financial institutions are difficult to prosecute in white-collar crimes because of their influence. Write two (2) sentences that describe the problem in greater detail (what are the effects of the problem?) 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Marketing Management Analysis

Questions: Your task is to prepare a report containing information that may be used for a marketing plan.Identify one product/service from your own business or from another business with which you are familiar. In your report you should include: The current marketing situation with background data on the market segments, product, competition, and distribution. Keep this discussion brief. Market analysis through a SWOT analysis. Make sure to discuss the SWOT analysis adequately. Objectives with goals for sales volume, market share and profit. These goals should be realistic but may have to be somewhat hypothetical because of the lack of time and absence of market research to provide better ones. Marketing strategies with details of the 4Ps (i.e. Product, Place, Price, Promotion). Answers: Introduction: Marc Tarpenning and Martin Eberhard founded the company Tesla in the year 2003. Once the company went public in the year 2010, the revenue generated has increased by 2.44 billion dollars and thus the profit amounted to 456.26 million dollars. The name of the company Tesla was due to Nikola Tesla who was the creator of induction motor and alternating current power. The company could manufacture quality products due to the brilliance by Nikola Tesla (teslamotors.com 2016). The company Tesla is into the manufacturing of eco friendly stylish cars, which was driven by electricity. The company Tesla is going to enter the Australian market in the coming year and wants to increase their sales of the cars and more specifically their new launch i.e. Model 3 into the market. Market Segment: The products of Tesla Motors are more demanded by male population. The Roadster Model is more preferred by the upper class business executives, as they like to travel in luxury cars. These types of cars are not designed for the common person, as the down payment is 100000 dollars. The main reason for the marketing manager to enter the market of Australia is due to the demand electricity based cars as people are trying to get more eco friendly and they are also tech savvy (Hutt and Speh 2013) . The Model 3 was priced in Australia as 40k dollars (Chernev 2012). The company Tesla to increase their future marketing in Australia is trying to reach out for more number of customers. The target for the company is the youth of the country Australia. The age groups of these are early 20s to mid 40s (Hollensen 2012). This type of adults they belong to the middle class. The company is trying to increase their capacity, as there is a more demand for such luxury cars. The target market is the young professionals who are looking for the luxury cars at an affordable rate. When the cars are priced at 30000 dollars it shows that, many of the people are not willing to purchase as that was not affordable. This was reflected in the NADA Data. The company is trying to bring out the best in the entry level luxury car so that it helps in providing added benefit. The electric cars are generally thought to perform much lesser than that of the fuel enabled cars but Teslas electric cars has also shown remarkable performance. The young buyers they were not attracted towards the electric cars as it did not provide design and performance like that of the fuel-based cars. The company Tesla Motors want to enter the Australian market and change their mentality towards electricity enabled cars. The lower the price quoted for the new car there will be more customers for its products. There will be a huge rise in the sales as the customers they are looking out for the entry-level luxury cars (Jolibert 2012). The electric cars are preferred as there are no emissions. Moreover, the customers they longer have to rely on the fuel as a result the customers will be able to save money. Product: The company Tesla motors sells luxury cars under its name. The car which is the top seller is Model S. The models that are equally demand like that of Model S is the Model X and Roadster. The company is trying to launch their latest model i.e. Model 3 in the market of Australia in the coming year (teslamotors.com 2016). Competition and Distribution: There are mainly four types of competitors in Australian market: General Motors Toyota This company is a major threat for Tesla as GM is renowned for its expertise and luxury cars, The Company Tesla has so decided to enter the luxury market through the offering of cars price at 30000 dollars (Clow and Baack, 2012). The electric car market is yet to be intervened by the company GM but it has introduced model Volt that was not a fully electric based car. The feature of the car would be including battery that would help in running for 40 miles before there is a recharge by 1.0L turbo gas charged. This would make the Volt to run for 640 miles on the high way (Kotler and Keller 2012). The company is already running hybrid cars but there is strong determination that it would be entering into the electric vehicle markets The company is based in Japan but it would be entering into the economy of Australia so that it can make the hybrid market more famous (Glynn and Woodside 2012). Prius is a hybrid car offered by Toyota, which offers home charging station and battery pack. Prius model is fully electric based. The above design by Toyota will lead company Tesla to offer electric sedan at different prices. BMW Daimler AD The major competitors of Tesla is BMW as the company is focusing on the entry of the luxury , high performance, lower emission and lower consumption of electricity based cars in the market. There will be electric cars available in the market at a more competitive rate, which is a major challenge for Tesla Motors. The company BMW has come up with the electric vehicle called the i3 so that there is individual mobility The model that is made by the BMW will be having their own type electric motors. The company has brought into the market the Mercedez Benz B class which would soon be in sale in the Australian market The charging of the system of B class will be done by SLS AMG Coupe E cell (Keegan and Green 2013). SWOT Analysis: Strength Weakness The focus is on investing on technology of the company The company Tesla adopts a lean management process Strategic relationship with the competitors The company faces the problem of liquidity. Shortage in the manufacturing of lithium batteries Lack of modern expertise Opportunity Threat Increased sale as there is a demand for eco friendly cars Government subsidy on production Competitors selling similar products at lower price Competitors coming up with hydrogen enabled vehicles. SWOT in detail: Strength: The cost will be kept low through the secondary component and the focus should be centered on the technological development. This would help in establishing a strong department of Rand D. The system of management for the company Tesla motors is lean which helps in reducing the cost of operation and the workers they work in the cheap and small-decorated offices. This helps in reducing complexity and encourages more trust between the employees and the manager. In order to provide benefit to each, there is a strategic relationship established by the company Tesla Motors with the companies like Panasonic, Toyota Motors and Daimler. Weakness: The company Tesla Motors faces a strong liquidity problem. The company had a huge sales in the year 2013 for Model S still there was loss of amount 70 million dollars as a result there was a large amount of debt , higher cost of operation and slow demand from the client. The capacity of manufacturing is very limited and this is a setback for the company to meet the demand of the future customers. The batter cells based on lithium is also short in supply (Philip Kotler et al. 2013) The company is a not a renowned company like that of the Ford or GM. The expertise is still not efficient enough for the company and need proper enhancement. Opportunity: The significant change involves propagating the benefits of the use of electric cars and their environmental benefits.Since electric cars are environmental friendly so the government is encouraging more amount of subsidies so that the company is able to grow and attract new customers. Threat: There are innumerable sellers of electric cars in the market who sells cars at a much affordable rate. This has led to immense competition for the company Tesla Motors. The competitors they are trying to base their vehicles through the energy use like the hydrogen-powered vehicles that gives the same level of performance. Objectives with sales volume, profit and market share: There is a great demand for the electric cars in the Australian market. With the development in the technology, there are more charging stations and batteries developed. Since there is rise in the price of the petroleum product , there is more demand for the electric or the hybrid vehicles. The electric cars generally do not appeal people easily so there is a need for the marketing technique. The company Tesla Motors in the coming 2016-2017 wants to increase the market share of electric vehicles. The company would try and capture more than 20% of the market in Australia. The objective of the volume of sales is approximately 50000 to 100000 cars. The expected profit is likely to be 316079033 in the year 2016 while it would rise by 516320752 in the year 2017. Marketing Strategies: The marketing strategy of Tesla would involve product, price, place and promotion of the Model 3. All these are interrelated for an effective marketing strategy. Marketing strategy is important to achieve the targeted sales. The use of the marketing strategy will help in creating the product that will help in making of profit (Farrington 2012). The marketing strategy takes into account the market place research through the consideration of the targeted customers. The strategy adopted for marketing will help in deciding the correct price for the product as per the market research (Lee and Carter 2012). Since Tesla is targeting the youth generation of Australia so there is a need for the price to be quoted reasonably. Marketing is maximized when the target customer, product and the price is set perfectly. Sales of the product will be maximized when the company Tesla incorporates promotional techniques. Thus, the 4 Ps of marketing as per marketing strategy of Tesla are as follows: Product: The Company Tesla Motors is coming up with the Model 3, which is an electric vehicle that is designed for the younger generation in the Australian market. The main reason for electric vehicles is less demanded by the youths. Place: The Company to market its product has selected some of the important cities like Perth, Melbourne Canberra and Sydney. Price: The Company Tesla Motors in Australia will charge at 40000 dollars, which after a rebate tax would lower the price to around 32500 dollars. Promotion: The company Tesla Motors wants to increase the market share of electric vehicles in the Australian market. In order to fulfill that objective the communication channels that it can adopt. Loyalty Programs: The company Tesla Motors ensures that they are going to be comfortable and safe in the vehicles. The companys loyalty programs will help the family of the customers to enjoy some added benefits from the purchase of the car. With special promotion, the premium customers of Tesla would be purchasing another car for their family for which they could avail a large discount, free service for car and after sales services within the validity of the promotional package (Mooradian, Matzler and Ring, 2012). The promotion will be valid for a period of four years with the maximum benefit. Test Drive campaigns: Test drive will help in creating brand awareness and the genuine purchasers can test the car before they actually purchase the car (Sethna, Jones and Harrigan, 2013).There will be test drive campaigns in all the targeted cities of Australia. The cities that are targeted are Perth, Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney. It is expected that there would be 50% of sales in these selected cities. The teams who are promoting the brand throughout the campaign will be provided with lodging and food. Websites and Social Media: The company website of Tesla Motors will help in the advertising of the new car that being launched by the company. The details of the new car need to be promoted through the website of the company. The website is the place where more number of customers would be visiting for knowing about the new brand (Penaloza, Toulouse and Visconti, 2012).The social media forum would be used for the purpose of promotion of the events outdoors (Clow and Baack 2012). The maximum exposure or effect of a promotion will be made when it is shown on the home page Advertising through Google: Google Ad words can be used for advertising of the product of Tesla Motors in the Australian market. The advertising will be targeted towards electric and the hybrid cars. Advertisement would be made through the pay per click model (Belch and Belch 2012). Media: The use of the newspaper is the traditional method through which the targeted population can be made aware (Peter and Donnelly 2013). The local newspapers of Australia are The Guardian, Sydney Morning Herald and The Australian. There will be advertisement given on the front page in black and white or colored advertisements (Anderson 2012). Recommendation: Global marketing is in this scenario is indeed a great concept. The leveraging of the marketing strategy across a number of markets is quite beneficial. This will help in higher degree of consistency and saves the resources and the efforts. There is a need for the clarification the things that is to be considered globally and that which is managed locally. The local aspects are present in the global marketing approach . It must be noted that they are complementary The marketing area that help in leading into global level is marketing planning , budgeting , branding , creating market campaigns and global PR. Local marketing involves local social media , partnerships and Tesla Motors should select marketing strategy as per it. The global concept of marketing is much different to the local markets as there are cultural differences across the countries. There is a need for Tesla Motors to understand the local market and develop a close relationship with the local team for marketing. The campaigns in case of marketing needs to managed like an army operation. There is a need for appointing a global campaign manager who would be responsible for delivering results. Effective communication is very important for running a campaign, as this will help company Tesla Motors to establish a relationship with the customers. Conclusion: The Australian market of electric vehicles is highly competitive s o the company Tesla Motors needs to adopt the necessary marketing strategy for overcoming the barriers. The renowned manufacturers like BMW, Ford, General Motors and Mercedes dominate the electric vehicles market. The company Tesla Motors is a startup company Australia but the sound technology and innovation it is likely that it is also going to come in par with the other major competitors. The customers are eyeing for this product, as they are interested in purchasing affordable luxury cars, which is environment friendly. The company Tesla Motors needs to know about the internal and the external market of Australia to become a leading company in the Australia electronic vehicle car market. References: Anderson, D. (2012).Strategic marketing planning for the small to medium-sized business. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Belch, G. and Belch, M. (2012).Advertising and promotion. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Chernev, A. (2012).Strategic marketing management. [Chicago, Ill.]: Cerebellum Press. Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2012).Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2012).Integrated advertising, promotion, and marketing communications. Boston: Prentice Hall. Farrington, A. (2012).Promotional Media and Promotional Content in Marketing. New Delhi: World Technologies. Glynn, M. and Woodside, A. (2012).Business-to-business marketing management. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Hollensen, S. (2012).Essentials of global marketing. Harlow: Pearson. Hutt, M. and Speh, T. (2013).Business marketing management. Australia: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Jolibert, A. (2012).Marketing management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Keegan, W. and Green, M. (2013).Global marketing. Boston: Pearson. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lee, K. and Carter, S. (2012).Global marketing management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mooradian, T., Matzler, K. and Ring, L. (2012).Strategic marketing. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Penaloza, L., Toulouse, N. and Visconti, L. (2012).Marketing management. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. (2013).A preface to marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Peter, J. and Donnelly, J. (2013).Marketing management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Philip Kotler, P., Keller, K., Swee Hoon Ang, S., Leong, S. and Tan, C. (2013).Marketing Management: an Asian Perspective. 6th ed. Pearson.